{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T19:18:16Z","timestamp":1772219896096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT200724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT200724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CONACyT\/SECIHTI","award":["PRONAII 303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRONAII 303045"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT\/SECIHTI","award":["884453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["884453"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT\/SECIHTI","award":["836427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["836427"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT\/SECIHTI","award":["592043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["592043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Two consensus scorpion toxins derived from venoms of the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Centruroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NATx, North America), and\n                    <jats:italic>Tityus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (SATx, South America) were rationally designed and recombinantly expressed in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    Origami. Both recombinant proteins were produced as inclusion bodies and subsequently purified and refolded\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    to obtain biologically active isoforms. The expression yields were approximately 1 mg\/L for rNATx and 0.5 mg\/L for rSATx. Structural characterization by circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that rNATx and rSATx exhibited folding patterns typical of scorpion \u03b2-toxins. The purified recombinant toxins were used as immunogens to raise polyclonal antibodies in New Zealand rabbits. The resulting antisera were evaluated for their capacity to neutralize isolated toxins and whole scorpion venoms. rNATx elicited a stronger immune response and showed superior immunogenicity compared to rSATx. Notably, 1-1.5 mg of anti-rNATx antibodies were sufficient to neutralize up to 3LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of venoms from the most medically relevant\n                    <jats:italic>Centruroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in M\u00e9xico. On the other hand, approximately 20 mg of anti-rSATx antibodies were required to neutralize only 2LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of\n                    <jats:italic>Tityus<\/jats:italic>\n                    venoms. Additionally, T-cell subsets quantified by flow cytometry showed that rNATx is more immunogenic and probably confers improved antivenom efficacy, highlighting its potential application in the development of broad-spectrum antivenoms against scorpion envenomation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:41:12Z","timestamp":1772217672000},"page":"e0013982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunogenicity of two representative American consensus scorpion neurotoxins from the genera Tityus and Centruroides"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Cardoso-Arenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Mejia-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Miranda-Blancas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herlinda","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilu","family":"Corrales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo Pavel","family":"Espino-Sol\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hildaura","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos H.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-1622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Corzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013982.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892007000500005","article-title":"Tendencia de la mortalidad por picaduras de alacr\u00e1n en M\u00e9xico, 1979-2003","volume":"21","author":"A Celis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana de Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"pntd.0013982.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S24754","article-title":"Emerging options for the management of scorpion stings","volume":"6","author":"J-P Chippaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel 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