{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T19:13:00Z","timestamp":1771960380911,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013999","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000}}],"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine in Belgium, Antwerp, Belgium, and the National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo","award":["3rd and 4th Framework Agreement"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3rd and 4th Framework Agreement"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S.) mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      are co-endemic in many regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). However, little is known about the clinical implications of mixed\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections for the affected communities. This study determined\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      -related morbidity patterns in single and mixed\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in DRC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between November 2015 and March 2016, we conducted a community-wide study in the rural community of Kifwa II village, west of the DRC. According to WHO guidelines,\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma-specific<\/jats:italic>\n                      morbidity was assessed using ultrasound. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ultrasound examinations were performed on 825 individuals aged 1\u201380 years. The results indicated that 68% (559) of the participants had bladder morbidity, with a higher prevalence observed in those with mixed infections compared to those with single\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (p\u2009=\u20090.001). The prevalence of liver morbidity was 64.6% (533), showing no difference between those with mixed and single\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections (p\u2009=\u20090.174). Bladder morbidity was significantly associated with age, reflected by increasing odds ratios for different age groups: 1.6 (p\u2009=\u20090.035) for those aged 11\u201320 years, 1.7 (p\u2009=\u20090.046) for those aged 21\u201330 years, 2.2 (p\u2009=\u20090.005) for those aged 41\u201350 years, 3.2 (p\u2009=\u20090.001) for those aged 51\u201360 years, and 3.6 (p\u2009=\u20090.006) for those aged over 60 years. Similarly, liver morbidity was significantly associated with age, showing increasing odds ratios for different age groups: 1.7 (p\u2009=\u20090.026) for 21\u201330 years, 3.2 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for 41\u201350 years, 4.5 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for 51\u201360 years, and 3.1 (p\u2009=\u20090.011) for those over 60 years. However, mixed infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of bladder morbidity (aOR=2.3; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not liver morbidity (aOR=1.4; p\u2009=\u20090.125).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      -related morbidity is common in the study area, impacting individuals of all ages and calling for regular mass drug administration, considering the adult population, improved WASH infrastructure, and health education to encourage behavioural change. Additionally, mixed infections have a positive effect on bladder morbidity, with possible implications for disease control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T18:43:15Z","timestamp":1771353795000},"page":"e0013999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liver and bladder morbidity in a Schistosoma mansoni and haematobium co-endemic area in the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4283-0435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Linsuke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joule","family":"Madinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9mentine","family":"Roucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamy-Ir\u00e8ne","family":"Miantezila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Baloji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Disonama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Van Geertruyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Polman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Lutumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9541","key":"pntd.0013999.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Number of people requiring preventive treatment for schistosomiasis. https:\/\/archive.ourworldindata.org\/20250909-093708\/grapher\/population-requiring-preventive-chemotherapy-for-schistosomiasis.html. 2024. Accessed 2025 October 5."},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref003","volume-title":"Global health estimates 2021: Disease burden by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2021","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref004","volume-title":"Global burden of disease 2021: findings from the GBD 2021 study","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation IHME","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395307084407","article-title":"The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"CH King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013999.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.06.006","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis and anemia: the relationship and potential mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"JF Friedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005524","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and educational loss in children with schistosome infection-A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"AE Ezeamama","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00843.x","article-title":"Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren","volume":"7","author":"MCH Jukes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9936","key":"pntd.0013999.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03042","article-title":"Schistosome Egg Migration: Mechanisms, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses","volume":"9","author":"AH Costain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/03008880802325309","article-title":"Infection: is it a cause of bladder cancer?","volume":"218","author":"H Abol-Enein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref012","first-page":"3899","article-title":"Bladder cancer in Africa","volume":"15","author":"CF Heyns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013999.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001149","article-title":"Chronic hepatosplenomegaly in African school children: a common but neglected morbidity associated with schistosomiasis and malaria","volume":"5","author":"S Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00029-9","article-title":"Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"86","author":"MJ van der Werf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0751-7","article-title":"Urologic complications of genitourinary schistosomiasis","volume":"30","author":"I Khalaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2006.10.002","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and bladder cancer","volume":"25","author":"DS Michaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00018-X","article-title":"Hepatosplenic morbidity in two neighbouring communities in Uganda with high levels of Schistosoma mansoni infection but very different durations of residence","volume":"98","author":"M Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013999.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01157.x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and liver fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"ZA Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635869","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635869","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Morbidity Hotspots: Roles of the Human Host, the Parasite and Their Interface in the Development of Severe Morbidity","volume":"12","author":"PA Mawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013999.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002608","article-title":"Micro-geographical heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection and morbidity in a co-endemic community in northern Senegal","volume":"7","author":"L Meurs","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.03.028","article-title":"Risk factors and micro-geographical heterogeneity of Schistosoma haematobium in Ndumo area, uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"159","author":"T Manyangadze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013999.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001829","article-title":"Bladder morbidity and hepatic fibrosis in mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni Infections: a population-wide study in Northern Senegal","volume":"6","author":"L Meurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.02.007","article-title":"Risk factors for Schistosoma haematobium infection and morbidity in two villages with different transmission patterns in Niger","volume":"115","author":"A Garba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.57","article-title":"Low heritable component of risk for infection intensity and infection-associated disease in urinary schistosomiasis among Wadigo village populations in Coast Province, Kenya","volume":"70","author":"CH King","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013999.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1079","article-title":"Intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, hepatitis B, age, and sex predict levels of hepatic periportal thickening\/fibrosis (PPT\/F): a large-scale community-based study in Ethiopia","volume":"77","author":"N Berhe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1295","article-title":"Periportal fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with low IL-10, low IFN-gamma, high TNF-alpha, or low RANTES, depending on age and gender","volume":"172","author":"M Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013999.ref027","article-title":"Morbidity associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection in north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"15","author":"MM Nigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90215-X","article-title":"The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in Maniema (Zaire)","volume":"81","author":"B Gryseels","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00262-0","article-title":"Epidemiological assessment of Schistosoma haematobium-induced kidney and bladder pathology in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"85","author":"KC Brouwer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013999.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","article-title":"Prevalence and morbidity of urogenital schistosomiasis among pre-school age children in Cubal, Angola","volume":"17","author":"R S\u00e1nchez-Marqu\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013999.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.007","article-title":"Epidemiology of periportal fibrosis and relevance of current Schistosoma mansoni infection within the context of repeated mass drug administration in rural Uganda: a population-based, cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"S Anjorin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01071-6","article-title":"Ultrasound aspects and risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school children in Mali","volume":"12","author":"P Agniwo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4451-z","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis of Ijinga Island, north-western Tanzania: prevalence, intensity of infection, hepatosplenic morbidities and their associated factors","volume":"19","author":"A Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013999.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01139.x","article-title":"Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in humans in north Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"P Cunin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-227","article-title":"The impact of single versus mixed schistosome species infections on liver, spleen and bladder morbidity within Malian children pre- and post-praziquantel treatment","volume":"10","author":"A Koukounari","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013999.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref037","first-page":"186","article-title":"Global distribution of schistosomiasis: CEGET\/WHO atlas","volume":"37","author":"JP Doumenge","year":"1984","journal-title":"World Health Stat Q"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1206-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"J Madinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.023","article-title":"Initiating NTD programs targeting schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in two provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Establishment of baseline prevalence for mass drug administration","volume":"166","author":"A Kabore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013999.ref040","article-title":"Schistosoma infection burden and risk factors among school-aged children in a rural area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"8","author":"S Linsuke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013999.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110789","article-title":"Malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth burden and their correlation with anemia in children attending primary schools in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"9","author":"JR Matangila","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.31.197.16364","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection and its association with nutrition and health outcomes: a household survey in school-aged children living in Kasansa, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"31","author":"MM Kabongo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref043","first-page":"153","article-title":"Assessment of a focus of schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni in Mayombe, Republic of Zaire","volume":"65","author":"D De Clercq","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref044","first-page":"313","article-title":"A note on the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni in Kindu and Kasongo, Kivu area, Zaire","volume":"60","author":"B Gryseels","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013999.ref045","first-page":"402","article-title":"Epidemiological study of intestinal and urinary bilharziasis in the region of the artificial lake of Lufira. 5. Effects of helminthiasis on the health of subjects excreting eggs of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"67","author":"C Raccurt","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013999.ref046","first-page":"822","article-title":"Epidemiological study of intestinal and urinary bilharziasis in the area of the reservoir lake of the Lufira. 4. Effects of helminthiasis, as evaluated by examination of urological lesions, on the health of subjects passing Schistosoma haematobium eggs","volume":"65","author":"J Monseur","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref047","first-page":"177","article-title":"Eight years of targeted mass treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Maniema, Zaire","volume":"40","author":"AM Polderman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref048","first-page":"571","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of intestinal and urinary bilharziosis in the reservoir area of La Lufira (Katanga). Prevalence of infestation according to the study of eggs elimination in the excreta","volume":"62","author":"C Ripert","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref049","first-page":"225","article-title":"Prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni in Zairian and Ugandan children of the Aru region in upper Zaire","volume":"66","author":"G Muller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00815-6","article-title":"Patients with severe schistosomiasis mansoni in Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"10","author":"MM Nigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref051","volume-title":"WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013999.ref052","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013999.ref053","first-page":"227","article-title":"Field studies of a reusable polyamide filter for detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs by urine filtration","volume":"33","author":"KE Mott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013999.ref054","first-page":"22","article-title":"Egg viability in urinary schistosomiasis. I. New methods compared with available methods","volume":"96","author":"RA Braun-Munzinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013999.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107359","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of schistosomiasis","volume":"54","author":"J Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref056","volume-title":"Ultrasound in schistosomiasis: a practical guide to the standard use of ultrasonography for assessment of schistosomiasis-related morbidity: Second international workshop, October 22-26 1996, Niamey, Niger","author":"J Richter","year":"2000"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013999.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012738","article-title":"Morbidity associated with schistosomiasis in adult population of Ch\u00f3kw\u00e8 district, Mozambique","volume":"18","author":"JT Serra","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013999.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005953","article-title":"Estimating sensitivity of the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in relation to infection intensity","volume":"11","author":"O B\u00e4renbold","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00687.x","article-title":"The unreliability of the Kato-Katz technique limits its usefulness for evaluating S. mansoni infections","volume":"6","author":"A Kongs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-298","article-title":"Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium egg output and associated infection parameters following treatment with praziquantel in school-aged children","volume":"5","author":"K Stete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013999.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.01.001","article-title":"The impact of single versus mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections on morbidity profiles amongst school-children in Taveta, Kenya","volume":"128","author":"AN Gouvras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013999.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90221-9","article-title":"Epidemic Schistosoma mansoni in a known S. haematobium area","volume":"94","author":"P Cunin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013999.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0070071X","article-title":"Mating interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni","volume":"73","author":"BL Webster","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.02.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in northern Senegal","volume":"42","author":"L Meurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013999.ref065","article-title":"Hybridized zoonotic schistosoma infections result in hybridized morbidity profiles: a clinical morbidity study amongst co-infected human populations of Senegal","volume":"9","author":"CB Fall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0013999.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105116","article-title":"Concurrent Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in a peri-urban community along the Weija dam in Ghana: A wake up call for effective National Control Programme","volume":"199","author":"WK Anyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013999.ref067","first-page":"340","article-title":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting at Manson House, London, 18 May 1995. The epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in the Senegal river basin","volume":"90","author":"M Picquet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013999.ref068","first-page":"249","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in the Sahelian region of the Senegal River Basin","volume":"35","author":"JP Chaine","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013999.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00444.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of a recent focus of mixed Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections around the \u201cLac de Guiers\u201d in the Senegal River Basin, Senegal","volume":"4","author":"D De Clercq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013999","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:45:31Z","timestamp":1771958731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013999"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adly M.M.","family":"Abd-Alla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013999","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}