{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T19:21:04Z","timestamp":1772220064143,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014012","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000}}],"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222044\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222044\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Invasive non-typhoidal\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (iNTS) disease typically presents as a non-specific febrile illness that can progress to bloodstream infections and carries a high case fatality rate. Early detection improves patient outcomes, however, in resource-constrained settings, limited diagnostic capacity leads to underdiagnosis, insufficient incidence data, and incomplete epidemiological and socio-economic research on iNTS. Although no licensed vaccines currently exist, several candidates are in pre-clinical and clinical development. In the early stages of vaccine development, it is essential to consider country-level perspectives and priorities to guide the development of novel vaccines. To support this, the World Health Organization\u2019s Vaccine Innovation Framework was applied to conduct a consultation with 40 stakeholders representing the national immunization programmes in Burkina Faso, Ghana the Gambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Kenya, Malawi and Mozambique. The consultation aimed to assess the stakeholder perceptions on the need for an iNTS vaccine and to evaluate its desirability, suitability, and evidence requirements from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) perspective. Stakeholders argued that although an iNTS vaccines is desirable, the lack of nationally available epidemiological data is a barrier to accurately understanding the disease burden. A novel vaccine would be more desirable if it aligns with the preferred product characteristics specified, and helps mitigate, rather than exacerbate, current immunization programme challenges. They also expressed a preference for combination vaccines that align programmatically, including formulations combining iNTS with typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), to reduce the number of injections and simplify delivery logistics. To make evidence-based decisions on potential introduction, stakeholders emphasized the need for robust data on the value and impact of iNTS vaccines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T18:47:24Z","timestamp":1771872444000},"page":"e0014012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Country-level perspectives and priorities to guide the development of Invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) vaccines: Insights from seven countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-4405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dijana","family":"Spasenoska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lea","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Wilder-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adwoa D.","family":"Bentsi-Enchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-ha","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajan","family":"Gunarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/salmonella-(non-typhoidal). 2018. 2025 August 8."},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00391","article-title":"Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ","volume":"5","author":"O Gal-Mor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9835","key":"pntd.0014012.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61752-2","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa","volume":"379","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014012.ref004","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS): An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2021","volume":"19","author":"Y He","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014012.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1504717","article-title":"The global burden and epidemiology of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections","volume":"15","author":"R Balasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014012.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070758","article-title":"The Economic Burden of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella and Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"S Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014012.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01034-4","article-title":"A systematised review and evidence synthesis on the broader societal impact of vaccines against Salmonella","volume":"10","author":"ED Demirtas","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad020","article-title":"Nontyphoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"10","author":"JA Crump","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref009","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonellosis, Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards. 2018. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/immunization\/vpd_surveillance\/vpd-surveillance-standards-publication\/who-surveillancevaccinepreventable-21-typhoid-r2.pdf?sfvrsn=993904a6_10&download=true"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014012.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01652-4","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment","volume":"18","author":"B Tack","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127008","article-title":"Landscape analysis of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella (iNTS) disease and iNTS vaccine use case and demand: Report of a WHO expert consultation","volume":"55","author":"K Emary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127189","article-title":"Consultation report - considerations for a regulatory pathway for bivalent Salmonella Typhi\/Paratyphi A vaccines for use in endemic countries","volume":"56","author":"AB Ibarz-Pavon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127515","article-title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella combination vaccines: clinical development plan and regulatory considerations","volume":"62","author":"J-L Excler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Preferred Product Characteristics for Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Vaccines. 2025. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/381542\/9789240110151-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref015","article-title":"Tools and platforms that support selection, access, and service strategies","author":"D Spasenoska","year":"2023","journal-title":"17th TechNet Conference: Immunization Programmes That Leave No One Behind"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref016","unstructured":"International Vaccine Institute. iNOVVEL. 2025. September 12, 2025. https:\/\/www.ivi.int\/what-we-do\/research-areas\/ints\/ints-inovvel\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014012.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121414","article-title":"Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on the Perceived Value of Thermostable Vaccines to Relieve Program Barriers: A Case Study from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"12","author":"A-L Kahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014012.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091084","article-title":"Exploring Important Attributes, the Potential Use Cases and Feasibility of Introduction of Measles and Rubella Microarray Patches (MR-MAPs): Insights from Nine Countries","volume":"12","author":"M Hasso-Agopsowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref019","unstructured":"Spasenoska D, Kahn AL, Lynch J. Assessing programmatic needs: stakeholder workshop findings on oral cholera vaccines capsules. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BzyFDJk0kvc&t=1377s 2025 May 18."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0014012.ref020","first-page":"000677","article-title":"Invasive atypical non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in The Gambia","volume":"7","author":"A Kanteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.04.045","article-title":"Vaccine value profile for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease","volume":"42","author":"LB Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014012.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02929-0","article-title":"The Full Value of Vaccine Assessments (FVVA): a framework for assessing and communicating the value of vaccines for investment and introduction decision-making","volume":"21","author":"R Hutubessy","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014012.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00092-5","article-title":"Facilitating the development of urgently required combination vaccines","volume":"12","author":"WP Hausdorff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0014012.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad041","article-title":"Salmonella Combination Vaccines: Moving Beyond Typhoid","volume":"10","author":"CA MacLennan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014012","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:46:44Z","timestamp":1772218004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014012"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]}}}