{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1785348141532,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014015","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-031336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-031336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI191507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI191507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During an investigation of animals as reservoirs for the filarial parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , three molecularly undescribed filarial species were co-detected. Individual microfilariae (Mf) were isolated and analyzed from blood samples of crab-eating macaques (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from Belitung, Indonesia, and from pet dogs and cats in Sabah, Malaysia. Among 163 macaques, 33 (20.2%) were positive for large Mf (mean length 498.9 \u00b5m) similar to\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u2018Belitung I\u2019). One macaque was infected with small Mf (mean length 150.4 \u00b5m) (\u2018Belitung II\u2019), with a high density of 17,150 Mf\/mL. In two cats co-infected with\n                    <jats:italic>B. malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Mf of a\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (\u2018Sabah\u2019) with an average length of 299.1 \u00b5m were detected. Morphometric analysis of Mf showed distinct differences between these three species and other Mf described in the area. Whole genome amplification and genome sequencing of 24 individual Mf enabled phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genomes, and analysis of specific mitochondrial and nuclear barcode regions. The three Mf groups formed distinct clusters and could not be identified by comparison with available reference sequences. Cluster \u2018Belitung I\u2019 from macaques formed a sister group to other characterized\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Cluster \u2018Belitung II\u2019 included bird filariae and primate filariae of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    as close relatives. The cluster \u2018Sabah\u2019 formed a monophyletic group with the zoonotic species\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. \u2018Thailand\u2019. DNA of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    endobacteria was detected in Mf of \u2018Belitung I\u2019 and \u2018Sabah\u2019, but not in \u2018Belitung II\u2019. These findings highlight the limited understanding of filarial diversity in macaques and cats in Asia and underscore the need for a more comprehensive approach that combines morphological and molecular data to identify and assess the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of these parasites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:17:07Z","timestamp":1784834227000},"page":"e0014015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diverse Onchocercidae from Malaysian cats and Indonesian macaques: Morphological and molecular analysis of individual microfilariae using mitochondrial genomes, 28S rRNA, and Wolbachia endosymbiont sequences"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Diekmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taniawati","family":"Supali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahmat","family":"Alfian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yossi","family":"Destani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noviani","family":"Sugianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hatta Abdul","family":"Mutalip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Azlina Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairiah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makedonka","family":"Mitreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4558-3417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter U.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014015.ref001","first-page":"661","article-title":"Order spirurida.","volume-title":"Volume 2 Nematoda","author":"O Bain","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014015.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.366","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis","volume":"11","author":"TC Orihel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0014015.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01590-12","article-title":"A novel Dirofilaria species causing human and canine infections in Hong Kong","volume":"50","author":"KKW To","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0014015.ref004","first-page":"100326","article-title":"Dirofilaria hongkongensis - a first report of potential zoonotic dirofilariosis infection in dogs from Tamil Nadu","volume":"18","author":"S Gowrishankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014015.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1521","article-title":"Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis infections in humans during 2005 to 2020, in Kerala, India","volume":"104","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0014015.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170423","article-title":"Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis as causative agent of human ocular filariosis after travel to India","volume":"23","author":"S Winkler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0014015.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad121","article-title":"First case of Dirofilaria hongkongensis infection in Germany presenting as a breast tumour","volume":"30","author":"J Schroeder","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"pntd.0014015.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100625","article-title":"Dogs are reservoir hosts of the zoonotic Dirofilaria sp. \u201chongkongensis\u201d and potentially of Brugia sp. 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