{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:22:59Z","timestamp":1787854979691,"version":"build-2784847793"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014033","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03 (M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03 (M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010076","name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEDER IHUPERF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER IHUPERF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007356","name":"Fondation M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species transmitted to humans by soft ticks of the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Ornithodoros<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Very little is currently known about the morbidity of this disease in Mali, despite the risk of human co-infection with malaria. The lack of appropriate diagnostic services or technical expertise to differentiate suspected malaria from other causes of febrile illness of unknown origin means that this tick-borne disease remains neglected and under-diagnosed in febrile patients in Mali. Our study investigated the detection of\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia crocidurae<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA in febrile patients in Mali from malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between June and December 2021, negative and positive malaria RDTs were collected from 41 health centers in the nine regions of Mali. Both qPCR and standard PCR were used to detect the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>B. crocidurae<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 1,496, malaria RDTs tested,\n                      <jats:italic>B. crocidurae<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was detected in 9 DNA extracts from malaria-negative RDTs. All of these were collected in the region of Kayes, where the prevalence rate was 5% (9\/180) of the malaria RDTs\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that tick-borne relapsing fever is an under-diagnosed condition in Mali.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:41:52Z","timestamp":1786383712000},"page":"e0014033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative polymerase chain reaction from malaria rapid diagnostic tests to detect Borrelia crocidurae in Mali"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5331-9965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pascal","family":"Demb\u00e9l\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adama Zan","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Papa Mouhamadou","family":"Gaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armel Joseph","family":"Agokeng Dongmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Bing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou Ali","family":"Thera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-5276","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Ranque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014033.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1089-6","article-title":"Ubiquitous bacteria Borrelia crocidurae in Western African ticks Ornithodoros sonrai","volume":"8","author":"H Elbir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9529","key":"pntd.0014033.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68968-X","article-title":"Incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in west Africa: longitudinal study","volume":"368","author":"L Vial","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014033.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02819.x","article-title":"New concepts for the old challenge of African relapsing fever borreliosis","volume":"15","author":"SJ Cutler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014033.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0691","article-title":"Relapsing fever borreliae in Africa","volume":"89","author":"H Elbir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014033.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060670","article-title":"Tickborne relapsing fever diagnosis obscured by malaria, Togo","volume":"13","author":"A Nordstrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014033.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0342","article-title":"Quantitative polymerase chain reaction from malaria rapid diagnostic tests to detect Borrelia crocidurae, the agent of tick-borne relapsing fever, in febrile patients in Senegal","volume":"108","author":"N El Hadji Ibrahima","year":"2023","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014033.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196903000-00002","article-title":"Relapsing fever: a clinical and microbiological review","volume":"48","author":"PM Southern","year":"1969","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0014033.ref008","unstructured":"GLA A. 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