{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:27:57Z","timestamp":1774031277549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["productivity fellow (308394\/2021-6)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["productivity fellow (308394\/2021-6)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a complex zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through the bites of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae:Phlebotominae). Its transmission dynamics are shaped by environmental, ecological, and anthropogenic factors. Rapid urbanization, landscape modification, and the rising incidence of human and canine VL in endemic cities raise concerns about parasite circulation at the human-wildlife interface, including within captive animal populations housed in urban zoological institutions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was conducted at the Belo Horizonte Zoo (Minas Gerais, Brazil), located in one of city\u2019s most VL-affected districts. We collected 31 skin biopsies and 40 blood samples from 13 captive mammal species\u201411 primates (\n                      <jats:italic>Alouatta guariba<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Aotus nigriceps<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ateles marginatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Gorilla gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lagothrix lagotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Leontopithecus rosalia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Leontopithecus chrysopygus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pithecia irrorata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Saguinus imperator<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Sapajus xanthosternos<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and 2 carnivores (\n                      <jats:italic>Chrysocyon brachyurus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Leopardus colocolo<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Samples were screened using a complementary molecular diagnostic panel:\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      nested PCR (\n                      <jats:italic>Ln<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR), real time PCR (qPCR), and K26 loop-mediated isothermal amplification (K26-LAMP).\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was detected in the blood of a clinically healthy adult maned wolf (\n                      <jats:italic>Chrysocyon brachyurus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the\n                      <jats:italic>Ln<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR amplicon confirmed the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The animal was housed in an enclosure with documented high densities of\n                      <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis,<\/jats:italic>\n                      the primary VL vector in the region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The detection of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      infantum DNA in a zoo-housed wild canid within an VL-endemic urban area highlights the potential exposure of captive wildlife to local transmission cycles. Although infectivity and reservoir competence were not assessed, these findings underscore the importance of integrating minimally invasive molecular surveillance with entomological monitoring in zoological institutions. Such an integrated approach can strengthen One Health surveillance frameworks by enabling early detection of parasite circulation, informing risk-based management strategies, and supporting VL prevention efforts in complex urban environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:36:19Z","timestamp":1774028179000},"page":"e0014098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in captive wild mammals from an urban zoo in a visceral leishmaniasis\u2013endemic area of Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Cristina Lima","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika Monteiro","family":"Michalsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Moreira","family":"de Avelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina Celi","family":"Antunes Nobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlyle Mendes","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humberto Esp\u00edrito Santo","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Consuelo Latorre","family":"Fortes-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-5113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edelberto Santos","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014098.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014098.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000114","article-title":"Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework","volume":"1","author":"CD Mathers","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014098.ref003","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014098.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.08.004","article-title":"Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas","volume":"3","author":"ALR Roque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014098.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90340-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Brazil. 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