{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:58:41Z","timestamp":1774069121578,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014099","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000}}],"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CK000516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CK000516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01CK000649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CK000649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Texas A&M University-CONACYT","award":["2018-041-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-041-1"]}]},{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research Insect Vector Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Obligately intracellular rickettsiae cause a broad spectrum of disease in humans and animals, ranging from mild illness to life-threatening infections. Multiple species co-circulate along the southern United States of America\u2013northern Mexico border, yet their seroprevalence in susceptible hosts remains incompletely understood. Dogs serve as key amplifying hosts for several of these pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia rickettsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia massiliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and have been shown to be infected by flea-borne\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To better characterize exposure and potential co-infection patterns, we conducted a large binational seroepidemiologic study of 779 dogs from urban households and shelter settings across seven subregions along both sides of the border. Using a custom multiplex micro-immunofluorescence assay, we simultaneously screened for antibodies to\n                    <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. massiliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, 41.2% of dogs were seroreactive to at least one pathogen, with the highest seroprevalence for\n                    <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19.3%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>R. massiliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.7%),\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (14.5%), and\n                    <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (9.8%). Co-seroreactivity was common, particularly between\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with 34.2% of\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013seroreactive samples also seroreactive to\n                    <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 16.7% exhibiting high titers to both. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. massiliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed limited overlap (15.2% co-seroreactive; 6.4% with high titers), suggesting possible cross-protection or competitive exclusion. Spatial analyses revealed distinct geographic patterns:\n                    <jats:italic>R. massiliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    predominated in western Baja California,\n                    <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    was concentrated in Mexicali and the Rio Grande Valley, and\n                    <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was widely distributed. Seroreactivity patterns were generally consistent across age and sex but varied modestly between shelter and neighborhood dogs, particularly for\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings highlight the complex ecology of rickettsial pathogens in a binational context, underscore the importance of dogs as sentinels for human risk, and provide a foundation for future studies on vector-host-pathogen interactions, cross-protective immunity, and spatial epidemiological risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:29:11Z","timestamp":1773682151000},"page":"e0014099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simultaneous serological assessment of four zoonotic rickettsiae among dogs near the United States-Mexico 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