{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:51:32Z","timestamp":1791571892402,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014104","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017519","name":"Werner Otto Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017519","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["small grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["small grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["stipend"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["stipend"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Loiasis is a chronic filarial infection endemic to Central and West Africa. Although long considered benign, increasing evidence links loiasis to substantial morbidity and mortality. The infection is associated with immune modulation, including Th2-skewed responses and elevated regulatory cytokines. Clinically, loiasis is classified as microfilaremic (presence of circulating microfilariae) or amicrofilaremic (\u201coccult\u201d) disease, the latter defined by a history of eyeworm migration without detectable microfilaremia. This study investigated how chronic\n                      <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection influences antibody and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2022 and 2024, this cross-sectional study was done in rural and periurban villages of the Ngouni\u00e9 and Moyen-Ogoou\u00e9 provinces of Gabon. Study procedures included diagnostics for loiasis and immunological assays. Microfilaremia was confirmed by stained blood smear microscopy, and occult disease was identified using the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses to spike and nucleocapsid proteins were measured by ELISA, and IFN-\u03b3 responses to spike antigen were assessed using an interferon-gamma release assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 192 participants were categorized as microfilaremic (n\u2009=\u200943), occult loiasis (n\u2009=\u200959), or without evidence of active loiasis (n\u2009=\u200990). IFN-\u03b3 responses were reduced in microfilaremic individuals compared with other participants (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031), whereas IgG responses did not differ. Subsequent analysis across the three groups confirmed that IFN-\u03b3 responses were lower in microfilaremic compared with occult participants (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that microfilaremic loiasis may impair proinflammatory T cell responses to viral antigens, highlighting the need for further research into the broader immunological effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in endemic populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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