{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1773780559483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Public Health Research Program","award":["2024GKQ18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GKQ18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global pandemic interventions have reshaped host-virus dynamics, potentially altering the evolution of endemic pathogens. Here, we report accelerated genomic evolution of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)\u2014a close relative of pandemic-associated coronaviruses\u2014following recent worldwide epidemiological shifts. Bayesian analysis of longitudinal surveillance data revealed a 3.76-fold increase (8.9403\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u2009\u207b\u2009\u2074 nucleotide substitutions\/site\/year, 95% HPD: 4.9075\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u2009\u207b\u2009\u2074, 1.3053\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b3) in the spike gene substitution rate of the currently dominant genotype K post-2020. Positively selected mutations were mainly located in the spike protein, and some colocalize with antigenic epitopes. Crucially, structural modeling demonstrated that broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved stem-helix (S2P6) and fusion-peptide (COV44\u201362\/79, 76E1) epitopes of high-pathogenicity betacoronaviruses cross-bind HCoV-OC43 spike protein, establishing a mechanistic basis for immune-driven selection. These findings suggest that population-level immune imprinting may play a potential driving role in mutations within key domains of HCoV-OC43, although further validation is required. Sustained co-surveillance of co-circulating coronaviruses is imperative to anticipate emergent variants with altered pathogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1773768623000},"page":"e0014109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pandemic-driven immune imprinting accelerates evolution of human coronavirus 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