{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:36:08Z","timestamp":1790872568369,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014118","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000}}],"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSF"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W007037\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W007037\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W030578\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W030578\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIPF 36348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIPF 36348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MSF"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W007037\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W007037\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W030578\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W030578\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIPF 36348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIPF 36348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Noma is a rapidly progressive orofacial gangrene that predominantly affects children living in extreme poverty. Despite its documentation since antiquity and its designation as a World Health Organisation Neglected Tropical Disease in 2023, the microbiological cause of noma remains poorly understood, with no specific organisms confidently identified as definitive aetiological agents. Here, we present the first deep shotgun metagenomic profiling of oral saliva microbiomes from 19 Nigerian children with acute noma. Our analyses of this preliminary study reveal marked microbial dysbiosis in noma microbiomes, with machine learning and multivariate statistical analyses indicating significant enrichment of\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    , alongside depletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as key microbial signatures of noma disease. From the dataset we recovered 40 high-quality\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning 19 species, 14 of which were novel. Notably, a novel species designated\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. A was detected in 15 of the 19 noma participants and was entirely absent from an internationally representative set of healthy saliva metagenomes. Re-analysis of previously published 16S rRNA datasets from children with noma in Niger also revealed\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. A to be highly prevalent in noma cases but extremely rare in controls. While these findings highlight\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. A, as an organism of interest and a potential contributor to noma pathogenesis, further comprehensive studies will be required to confirm this association and to clarify whether it reflects a causal role and\/or is a genuine marker of noma dysbiosis. Additionally, analysis of antimicrobial resistance determinants detected in noma metagenomes revealed concerning levels of resistance to antibiotics commonly used in noma treatment, particularly \u03b2-lactams and metronidazole, especially among\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. These findings provide the first high-resolution microbial framework for noma and offer a foundation for future research into its pathogenesis and the development of novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive strategies in endemic settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:40:22Z","timestamp":1774028422000},"page":"e0014118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Shotgun metagenomic analysis of the oral microbiomes of children with noma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Olaleye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus M.","family":"O\u2019Ferrall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deogracia Wa","family":"Kabila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoire","family":"Falq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donal","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbemisola","family":"Oloruntuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafi\u2019u","family":"Isah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeniyi Semiyu","family":"Adetunji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Farley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas. 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