{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:51:46Z","timestamp":1774903906224,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014127","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000}}],"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the austral summer of 2021\u20132022, Australia experienced an unprecedented Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreak, with detections over 3000 km south of previous occurrences. Given the limited knowledge of JEV transmission ecology in Australia, we developed geospatial models of transmission risk to support the public health response. We created time-varying habitat suitability models for suspected mosquito vectors and ardeid hosts using month-scaled occurrence and covariate data from 2000\u20132023. Ardeid host presence-absence data were obtained from eBird and BirdLife Australia, with habitat suitability estimated using gradient-boosted regression tree models. A national dataset of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    occurrences was compiled from mosquito surveillance records, literature, and biodiversity databases. Penalised logistic regression was used to model mosquito vector habitat suitability. Vector and host habitat predictions for the outbreak peak in February 2022 were rescaled using JEV infection locations in the public domain to create a combined habitat suitability surface. Our models aligned with detected JEV infections at the continental scale, highlighting transmission suitability across tropical northern Australia and major inland drainage basins in the East. Unlike existing models, we predicted lower suitability along the eastern seaboard, suggesting a delimiting effect of the Great Dividing Range. Our approach provides the most comprehensive and temporally dynamic models for JEV hosts and vectors in Australia, with a significantly larger vector dataset than previous studies. The novel method of rescaling host and vector outputs into a combined surface offers new insights into JEV transmission risk. Favourable conditions were repeated in 2023 with few detected infections, emphasising that JEV ecology in Australia remains poorly understood. This study\u2019s results can support improvements in arbovirus surveillance systems, promoting earlier detection of circulating viruses. Increased focus on vector ecology and distributions is crucial for better understanding JEV transmission in Australia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:52:48Z","timestamp":1774029168000},"page":"e0014127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A time-varying geospatial model of habitat suitability for Japanese encephalitis virus vectors and vertebrate hosts in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4411-8214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David H.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucinda E.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbey","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Brockway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"van den Hurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassie C.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Hobby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Vickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kurucz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Golding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freya M.","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014127.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121534","article-title":"The Ecology and Evolution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"10","author":"P Mulvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014127.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac050","article-title":"High-risk landscapes of Japanese encephalitis virus outbreaks in India converge on wetlands, rain-fed agriculture, wild Ardeidae, and domestic pigs and chickens","volume":"51","author":"MG Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014127.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac794","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Emergence in Australia: The Potential Population at Risk","volume":"76","author":"L Yakob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014127.ref004","first-page":"38","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia: From Known Known to Known Unknown","volume":"4","author":"AF van den Hurk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014127.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-025-00747-x","article-title":"Climate impacts of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation on Australia","volume":"7","author":"AS Taschetto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Earth Environ"},{"issue":"6673","key":"pntd.0014127.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn0008","article-title":"Rude awakening","volume":"382","author":"M Wadman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0014127.ref007","article-title":"Emergence of locally acquired Japanese encephalitis virus in Australia, January 2021\u2013June 2022: a national case series","volume":"49","author":"AR Veliz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"pntd.0014127.ref008","unstructured":"NT Government. 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