{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:39:02Z","timestamp":1791527942565,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014136","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000}}],"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI163663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI163663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI182354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI182354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI147314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI147314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001246","name":"Ambrose Monell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2022-04433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-04433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008762","name":"Genome Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["265MET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["265MET"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation Major Sciences Initiative","award":["35456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35456"]}]},{"name":"PacifiCan","award":["22591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22591"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species can survive and thrive in a wide range of environments. Distinct environments expose the bacteria to different temperatures, osmolarities, and amounts and sources of nutrition. However, leptospires are mostly cultured in a laboratory setting under\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions that do not reflect natural environments. This constraint on laboratory cultures limits the applicability of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies to the understanding of even simple pathogenic processes. Here we report, investigate, and identify a medium and conditions that mimic the host environment during leptospirosis infection, expanding the available\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    tools to evaluate leptospiral pathogenesis. We quantified genome-wide transcription of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultured in different\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    media compositions and conditions\u2014EMJH at 29 \u00b0C and DMEM, EMEM, and HAN at 37 \u00b0C and 5% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Using EMJH as standard, we compared gene expression in these compositions to genome-wide transcription gathered in a host environment: whole blood (WB) of hamsters after infection with pathogenic leptospires. Leptospires cultured in DMEM and EMEM media shared 40% and 47% of all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of leptospires present within WB (FDR\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while leptospires cultured in HAN media only shared 20% of DEGs with those from WB. Furthermore, gene and pathway expression of leptospires cultured on DMEM and EMEM media exhibited a better correlation with leptospires grown in WB, including promoting expression of a similar leptospiral lipid A profile to the one identified directly in host tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that commercial cell-culture media EMEM or DMEM are better surrogates for\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenic studies than EMJH or HAN media in\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These alternative culture conditions, using media that are a standard supply worldwide, provide a reproducible and cost-effective approach that can accelerate research investigation and reduce the number of animal infections necessary for basic research of leptospirosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:34:21Z","timestamp":1773768861000},"page":"e0014136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["DMEM and EMEM as alternate growth media for pathogenic Leptospira"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Leandro E.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Culos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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