{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:53:02Z","timestamp":1775155982432,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014143","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rabies causes over 60,000 deaths annually, primarily among children, with dog bites responsible for nearly all human cases. Although mass dog vaccination is effective in low-resource settings, structured campaigns have rarely been implemented in refugee camps, where unmanaged dog populations and limited access to post-exposure prophylaxis heighten rabies risk. This study aimed to demonstrate the possibility of delivering systematic mass dog vaccination within a short operational timeframe in a humanitarian setting and to assess community perceptions of rabies risk and prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In May 2025, a four-day mass dog vaccination campaign was conducted across the Kutupalong-Balukhali refugee settlement in Cox\u2019s Bazar, Bangladesh, with real-time data collection to guide operations. Post-vaccination dog sight surveys assessed operational coverage, while community surveys evaluated knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding rabies. Of the 2,275 dogs encountered, 1,781 (78.3%) were vaccinated, with 86.4% classified as unowned community dogs. The overall proportion of marked dogs across all surveyed zones was 71.5% (95% CI: 66.8\u201375.9%). In the community survey, 34.6% of 1,311 adult respondents (gender-adjusted) had heard of rabies, and 41.2% correctly identified dog bites as the primary route of transmission. Regarding appropriate post-bite care, 25.9% knew to both wash the wound and seek medical care. Approximately 8.7% of households experienced a dog bite in the preceding year, corresponding to a minimum annual incidence of 13.3 bites per 1,000 persons, equating to over 15,000 bites per year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study represents the first structured mass dog vaccination campaign in a refugee setting, demonstrating that rabies control can be effectively implemented even in complex humanitarian contexts. The campaign\u2019s success offers a replicable model for integrating zoonotic disease prevention into emergency health responses, underscoring the critical need to safeguard displaced populations from preventable diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:35:06Z","timestamp":1774632906000},"page":"e0014143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Delivery of canine rabies vaccination programme in Kutupalong-Balukhali refugee camps, Cox\u2019s Bazar, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3095-5935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke","family":"Gamble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karlette A.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Tazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubaiya","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Abela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balaji","family":"Chandrashekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Lohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Swedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014143.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies","volume":"9","author":"K Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref002","first-page":"183","volume-title":"ternet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.01.008","article-title":"Rabies vaccinations save lives but where are the vaccines? 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World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Geneva, Switzerland (2018)."},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref016","author":"D Nadal","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref017","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014143.ref018","first-page":"110","article-title":"A rapid assessment of health literacy and health status of Rohingya refugees living in Cox\u2019s Bazar, Bangladesh following the August 2017 exodus from Myanmar: A cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"MR Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropical Med"},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref019","author":"World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref020","first-page":"1"},{"key":"pntd.0014143.ref021","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 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