{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T18:43:54Z","timestamp":1776797034875,"version":"3.51.2"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014174","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-TW009670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-TW009670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-TW009670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-TW009670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI149779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI149779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI149779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI149779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI149779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI149779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Current interventions targeting malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are focused on\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the most prevalent species infecting humans. Despite renewed efforts for malaria elimination in SSA, little attention has been paid to the neglected parasites\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the impact of interventions like long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) with non-pyrethroid insecticides, and\/or seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) on these minor\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. To address this research gap, the aim of this observational study was to assess the impact of two sequential interventions, IRS and SMC combined with LLINs, on the\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. reservoir, with particular emphasis on the non-falciparum minor species, in Bongo District, an area characterized by high seasonal transmission in the Northern Sahelian belt of Ghana. Using an interrupted time-series study design, five age-stratified surveys, each of ~2,000 participants, were undertaken at the end of the wet seasons between 2012 and 2022. Across this 10-year study period, infections with\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were detected using a species-specific PCR targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>18S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, while\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    was not detected. In 2015, following IRS, the prevalence of the minor\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. declined in all ages from baseline in 2012, with participants being significantly less likely to be infected with\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (13.7% vs 1.4%) and\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (5.7% vs 0.4%). Despite this decline, in 2017, 32 months after IRS was discontinued and SMC was introduced, the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2.9%) and\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (4.0%) rebounded, with approximately a 2- and 10-fold increase, respectively. This rebound in the minor species was observed in all age groups, except for the younger children (&lt; 5 years) targeted by SMC. Finally, when we examined this population in 2020 and 2022 after continued deployment of SMC, the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    continued to increase (7.4% and 5.8%), while the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. declined (2.6% and 1.3%). Results show that both IRS and SMC were effective not only against\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    but also reduced the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in Bongo District. Going forward, molecular diagnostics will be critical to identify changes in the submicroscopic reservoir of the minor\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. found in adolescents and adults and to achieve malaria elimination in this region of Ghana.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:40:43Z","timestamp":1776102043000},"page":"e0014174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The dynamics of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infections following 10 years of malaria control interventions in Northern Sahelian Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cecilia A.","family":"Rios-Teran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3305-0533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Tiedje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Bangre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Deed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dionne C.","family":"Argyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham R.","family":"Oduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick O.","family":"Ansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6115-6135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen P.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7572","key":"pntd.0014174.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014174.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.06.003","article-title":"High prevalence of 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