{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:45:49Z","timestamp":1777873549242,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014242","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000}}],"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007161","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20250266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007161","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20253924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20253924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007161","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20260917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Secretaria de ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnologia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["CVU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tick-borne relapsing fever is a neglected and overlooked disease. In Mexico, numerous historical reports document the distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Ornithodoros turicata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the vector of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia turicatae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as human cases of infection. However, the enzootic cycle and reservoir hosts in Mexico remain unknown. Here, to detect previous infections with relapsing fever Borreliae in wild fauna a retrospective serological analysis was conducted with serum samples collected from raccoons trapped from 2022 to 2025 in the Navachiste region of Sinaloa, Mexico. Using a species-specific antigen, BipA from\n                    <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and bacterial lysates of this spirochete, we found high exposure among this cohort (30\/36 sera, 83.3%). These results indicate the role of raccoon in this area as frequent host of\n                    <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and, together with previous findings, suggest a possible endemic focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in northern Mexico. Our findings remark the need for further investigation into the ecoepidemiology of\n                    <jats:italic>B. turicatae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in this region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:38:01Z","timestamp":1776879481000},"page":"e0014242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological evidence of Borrelia turicatae in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from an endemic focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-9728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valeria","family":"Leal-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan A.","family":"Zavala-Norzagaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Rend\u00f3n-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar P.","family":"Ley-Qui\u00f1onez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Pellegrini-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4802-5779","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Job E.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5016-0622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Antonio","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014242.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00098","article-title":"Relapsing Fevers: Neglected Tick-Borne Diseases","volume":"8","author":"E Talagrand-Reboul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0014242.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2307\/4584474","article-title":"Relapsing Fever: The Tick Ornithodoros turicata as a Spirochetal Reservoir","volume":"58","author":"GE Davis","year":"1943","journal-title":"Public Health Reports (1896-1970)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014242.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004383","article-title":"Assessment of the Geographic Distribution of Ornithodoros turicata (Argasidae): Climate Variation and Host Diversity","volume":"10","author":"TG Donaldson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014242.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4623.3.3","article-title":"The soft ticks (Parasitiformes: Ixodida: Argasidae) of Mexico: species, hosts, and geographical distribution","volume":"4623","author":"C Guzm\u00e1n-Cornejo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014242.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3002.231053","article-title":"Borrelia turicatae from ticks in peridomestic setting, Camayeca, Mexico","volume":"30","author":"E V\u00e1zquez-Guerrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014242.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318652","article-title":"Use of a mouse model for the isolation of Borrelia puertoricensis from soft ticks","volume":"20","author":"E V\u00e1zquez-Guerrero","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014242.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006877","article-title":"Seroprevalence for the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae among small and medium sized mammals of Texas","volume":"12","author":"BA Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014242.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10283","article-title":"Acquisition and subsequent transmission of Borrelia hermsii by the soft tick Ornithodoros hermsi","volume":"48","author":"JE Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0014242.ref009","first-page":"519","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Relapsing Fever","volume":"42","author":"J Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol 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Sonora, Mexico","volume":"13","author":"E V\u00e1zquez-Guerrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014242.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0386","article-title":"Case Report: Exposure to Relapsing Fever Group Borreliae in Patients with Undifferentiated Febrile Illness in Mexico","volume":"108","author":"E V\u00e1zquez-Guerrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014242.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw078","article-title":"Animal care and use committee of the American Society of Mammalogists. 2016 guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education","volume":"97","author":"RS Sikes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"pntd.0014242.ref018","author":"Secretar\u00eda de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales 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Balasubramanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ DNA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014242.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001","article-title":"Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases","volume":"22","author":"CA Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014242.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169047","article-title":"Synanthropic Mammals as Potential Hosts of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Panama","volume":"12","author":"SE Berm\u00fadez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014242.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020273","article-title":"The Raccoon (Procyon lotor) as a Neozoon in Europe","volume":"13","author":"MB Stope","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"10376","key":"pntd.0014242.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01595-1","article-title":"Advancing One human-animal-environment Health for global health security: what does the evidence say?","volume":"401","author":"J Zinsstag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014242.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.05879","article-title":"Raccoons and skunks as sentinels for enzootic tularemia","volume":"12","author":"ZL Berrada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014242.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1975.167.07.592","article-title":"Wildlife and environmental health: raccoons as indicators of zoonoses and pollutants in southeastern United States","volume":"167","author":"WJ Bigler","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med 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