{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T18:40:15Z","timestamp":1777056015905,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n is a fungus-like oomycete capable of causing disease with high mortality rates. Although pulmonary\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n infections are rare, they are associated with an extremely high fatality rate. The mechanisms underlying\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n infection remain unclear and may be associated with immune dysregulation or iron overload. Existing animal models do not adequately replicate the pathophysiological process of pulmonary invasive infection by\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n in humans. Therefore, this study aims to establish a murine model of pulmonary\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n infection and to investigate the role of the Th1\/Th2 immune balance in the progression of pulmonary infection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n BALB\/c mice were divided into the following groups: control group, iron dextran (ID) group, cyclophosphamide (CTX) group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, and groups affected by various factor combinations (e.g., LPS\u2009+\u2009CTX group, ID\u2009+\u2009CTX group, ID\u2009+\u2009LPS group). Mice were inoculated intratracheally with\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n hyphae after pretreatment. Body weight, clinical symptoms, inflammatory cell counts in venous blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), pulmonary histopathological damage, pathogen burden, as well as serum levels of ferritin (FER), Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12p70, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10) were assessed in each group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among all groups, LPS\u2009+\u2009CTX and ID\u2009+\u2009CTX groups exhibited severe infection symptoms, significant weight loss, and the highest clinical symptom scores (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). The ID\u2009+\u2009CTX group showed more pronounced increases in hematoxylin eosin (HE)-stained lung injury scores and Grocott\u2019s Methenamine Silver (GMS)-stained hyphal burden scores (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Compared with the control group, the ID\u2009+\u2009CTX group demonstrated decreased venous blood leukocyte (WBC), neutrophil (NEUT), and lymphocyte (LYMPH) counts, elevated FER levels, and significantly reduced LYMPH counts in BALF (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01). Cytokine analysis revealed that Th1 cytokine (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1) levels were significantly suppressed in the ID\u2009+\u2009CTX group after preconditioning (both\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Following infection, Th1 responses remained relatively suppressed, while Th2 responses showed an upward trend that did not reach statistical significance (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05), more consistent with a relative Th2 shift resulting from Th1 suppression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study established a murine model of pulmonary\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n infection for the first time through intratracheal hyphae inoculation following ID\u2009+\u2009CTX preconditioning. The findings suggest that iron overload is associated with Th1 immune response suppression and relative Th2 shift, which may be related to increased susceptibility and pathological damage in pulmonary\n Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n infection. However, further functional experiments are needed to validate causal relationships.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:51:06Z","timestamp":1777053066000},"page":"e0014246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron overload is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary Pythium insidiosum infection in 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