{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:14:19Z","timestamp":1778696059826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Health Agency Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division (AFHSD), Global Emerging Infections Surveillance","award":["PROMIS ID P0206_15_N6 for FY2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMIS ID P0206_15_N6 for FY2015"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Health Agency Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division (AFHSD), Global Emerging Infections Surveillance","award":["PROMIS P0090_17_N6_1.5.2 for FY2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMIS P0090_17_N6_1.5.2 for FY2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phlebotomine sand flies are blood-sucking dipterans widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas and are important vectors of leishmaniasis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. parasites and Carrion\u2019s disease caused by the bacteria\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Both are a significant economic burden in rural areas and a major risk to military personnel deployed to endemic areas. To better understand transmission of these pathogens and epidemiological trends, sand flies were collected from nine sites across the Ecuador-Peru border region in 2015 and 2017 and screened for\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    using PCR targeting kinetoplast DNA, and\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    using PCR targeting the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, citrate synthase (\n                    <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit G (\n                    <jats:italic>nuoG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. A total of 548 sand flies belonging to 15 species and 2,711 sand flies belonging to 11 species were collected in Ecuador and Peru, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    was generally the most abundant species found across sites sampled in Ecuador and Peru. In the Chinchipe River basin,\n                    <jats:italic>Pi. (Pif.) robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) maranonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) castanea<\/jats:italic>\n                    were collected on both sides in Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, and Namballe, Peru. Of the 637 phlebotomine sand fly pools screened, no\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    positives were found; however, nine pools of\n                    <jats:italic>Pi. (Pif.) robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected in Ecuador were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>B. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on phylogenetic analysis of the\n                    <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. One\n                    <jats:italic>Pi. (Pif.) maranonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Peru and one\n                    <jats:italic>Pi. (Pif.) robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Ecuador were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA sequences that were close to\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Bartonella rondoniensis based on\n                    <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is the first reported detection of\n                    <jats:italic>B. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in\n                    <jats:italic>Pi. (Pif.) robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , providing evidence for the role of this sand fly species in transmission of this pathogen at the Ecuador-Peru border.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:34:31Z","timestamp":1778693671000},"page":"e0014288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phlebotomine sand fly fauna characterization and Bartonella bacilliformis DNA detection in Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) robusta at the Ecuador-Peru frontier"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2194-9867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victor O.","family":"Zorrilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Carrazco-Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liz J.","family":"Espada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"F\u00e1rez-Noblecilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marisa E.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kosoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clifton","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Stoops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gissella M.","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014288.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2011-S05","article-title":"Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21(st) Century","volume":"39","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"pntd.0014288.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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