{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T18:10:23Z","timestamp":1779127823079,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014317","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000}}],"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101103089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101103089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) infect over 1.5 billion people worldwide, causing serious health issues, especially among women of reproductive age and school-age children. Mass drug administration (MDA) using albendazole or mebendazole is the main method of control. However, high reinfection rates and limited integration with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and routine primary health care programs make the effectiveness of long-term control and elimination challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to systematically map and summarize cost-effectiveness evidence for STH control and elimination efforts. Following Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, we identified 22 studies published from 1993 to 2025 through PubMed and Google Scholar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies focused on MDA intervention with school or community-based delivery platforms. School-based delivery costs ranged from $0.03 to $0.76 per child, and community-wide delivery costs ranged from $0.27 to $1.74 per individual. Community-wide programs were estimated to have greater impact and cost-effectiveness in high-prevalence areas, costing $28 to $198 per disability-adjusted life year averted. Programs that delivered multiple disease interventions (integrated programs) showed the highest economic returns, primarily due to shared delivery platforms and reduced operational costs. The main factors influencing cost-effectiveness included treatment coverage, baseline prevalence, and delivery costs. Evidence gaps for cost-effectiveness still exist for preschool-aged children and integration with WASH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review showed that context affects the cost-effectiveness of STH intervention programs. Community-wide and integrated MDA strategies offered more economic value than school-based delivery in areas with high prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:46:16Z","timestamp":1778694376000},"page":"e0014317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of soil-transmitted helminthiasis intervention programmes: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Wuresah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geofrey","family":"Chepchieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Kubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Krolewiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mwandawiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2647-1359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Collins","family":"Okoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62007-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"62","author":"S Brooker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref002","unstructured":"WHO. Soil-transmitted helminth infections [Internet]. Accessed 4 Mar 2025. 2023 [cited 2025 Mar 4]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref003","first-page":"93","article-title":"Diagnostic techniques of soil-transmitted helminths: impact on control measures","volume":"5","author":"M Mbong Ngwese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014317.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007201","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for control and elimination of soil-transmitted helminth infection beyond 2020","volume":"13","author":"MC Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014317.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000300","article-title":"The neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination","volume":"2","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014317.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3749-4","article-title":"Vaccination or mass drug administration against schistosomiasis: a hypothetical cost-effectiveness modelling comparison","volume":"12","author":"BS Collyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10185","key":"pntd.0014317.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32591-1","article-title":"Effects, equity, and cost of school-based and community-wide treatment strategies for soil-transmitted helminths in Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014317.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00669-8","article-title":"Albendazole-ivermectin co-formulation for the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and other soil-transmitted helminths: a randomised phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"25","author":"A Krolewiecki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002027","article-title":"How effective is school-based deworming for the community-wide control of soil-transmitted helminths?","volume":"7","author":"RM Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014317.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005037","article-title":"Benchmarking the Cost per Person of Mass Treatment for Selected Neglected Tropical Diseases: An Approach Based on Literature Review and Meta-regression with Web-Based Software Application","volume":"10","author":"C Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0885-3","article-title":"Cost and cost-effectiveness of soil-transmitted helminth treatment programmes: systematic review and research needs","volume":"8","author":"HC Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014317.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref014","first-page":"100913","article-title":"Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis of mass drug administration compared to school-based targeted preventive chemotherapy for hookworm control in Dak Lak province, Vietnam","volume":"41","author":"JP Caesar Delos Trinos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014317.ref015","article-title":"Comparison of community-wide, integrated mass drug administration strategies for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a cost-effectiveness modelling study","volume":"3","author":"NC Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7177(88)90081-7","article-title":"Economies of scale for the GI\/G\/c queuing model","volume":"10","author":"JG Mulligan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Math Comput Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014317.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00280-6","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of community-wide treatment for helminthiasis","volume":"4","author":"HC Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014317.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czm041","article-title":"Cost and cost-effectiveness of nationwide school-based helminth control in Uganda: intra-country variation and effects of scaling-up","volume":"23","author":"S Brooker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref019","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mass drug administration with ivermectin against strongyloidiasis: a modelling study [Internet]","author":"LE Coffeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0014317.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773211Y.0000000010","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of triple drug administration (TDA) with praziquantel, ivermectin and albendazole for the prevention of neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria","volume":"105","author":"D Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014317.ref021","article-title":"Health, financial, and education gains of investing in preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases, and lymphatic filariasis in Madagascar: A modeling study","volume":"12","author":"J-W De Neve","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014317.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006782","article-title":"Improved methods to capture the total societal benefits of zoonotic disease control: Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of an integrated control programme for Taenia solium, soil transmitted helminths and classical swine fever in northern Lao PDR","volume":"12","author":"WO Okello","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0014317.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.018","article-title":"Modeling the economic and epidemiologic impact of hookworm vaccine and mass drug administration (MDA) in Brazil, a high transmission setting","volume":"34","author":"SM Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref024","author":"M Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optimizing Age-Structured and Risk-Based Mass Drug Administration Against Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Ghana Using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014317.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30073-1","article-title":"Assessment of global guidelines for preventive chemotherapy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a cost-effectiveness modelling study","volume":"16","author":"NC Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014317.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00268-6","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of scaling up mass drug administration for the control of soil-transmitted helminths: a comparison of cost function and constant costs analyses","volume":"16","author":"HC Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014317.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90094-7","article-title":"A population dynamic approach to the cost-effectiveness analysis of mass anthelmintic treatment: effects of treatment frequency on Ascaris infection","volume":"87","author":"HL Guyatt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref028","article-title":"Optimal control strategies supported by system dynamics modelling: a study on hookworm disease in China","volume":"14","author":"H Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014317.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011583","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of comparative survey designs for helminth control programs: Post-hoc cost analysis and modelling of the Kenyan national school-based deworming program","volume":"18","author":"M Minnery","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014317.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011071","article-title":"A general framework to support cost-efficient fecal egg count methods and study design choices for large-scale STH deworming programs-monitoring of therapeutic drug efficacy as a case study","volume":"17","author":"LE Coffeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref031","article-title":"Epidemiological findings and policy implications from the nationwide schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis survey in Sudan","volume":"12","author":"S Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014317.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001326","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth control in Niger: cost effectiveness of school based and community distributed mass drug administration [corrected]","volume":"5","author":"J Leslie","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014317.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000402","article-title":"The costs and cost-effectiveness of mass treatment for intestinal nematode worm infections using different treatment thresholds","volume":"3","author":"A Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014317.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00047-0","article-title":"The cost of delivering and sustaining a control programme for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis","volume":"86","author":"H Guyatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014317.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2307\/3283775","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of anthelminthic intervention for community control of soil-transmitted helminth infection: levamisole and Ascaris lumbricoides","volume":"82","author":"CV Holland","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Parasitol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014317","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:47:48Z","timestamp":1779126468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014317"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Marcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]}}}