{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T19:27:56Z","timestamp":1779910076597,"version":"3.53.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014339","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007288","name":"Mahasarakham University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), the causative agent of melioidosis, inhabits diverse ecological niches such as soil, surface water, and rhizospheres. Soil serves as its primary reservoir. Understanding the ecological niche of\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in soil is crucial for developing strategies to reduce bacterial presence. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction effects of soil parameters, namely pH, salinity, temperature, moisture content, carbon to nitrogen (C\/N) ratio, and iron content, on\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      proliferation through factorial soil microcosm experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The experiments comprised three sets: (1) pH and salinity, (2) C\/N ratio and salinity, and (3) iron content and salinity under varying temperature and moisture levels. Polynomial regression models demonstrated that all tested factors significantly influenced\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance, exhibiting linear, quadratic, cubic, and multi-way interactions. Optimal growth conditions varied with environmental context:\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth peaked around pH 5 in the absence of salinity, whereas increased temperature and moisture expanded salinity tolerance (up to 0.61% at 35 \u00b0C and 75% moisture). The effect of C\/N ratio on\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth was moisture-dependent. The growth rate increased as the optimal C\/N ratio rose from approximately 14 to 18 under 25 and 75% moisture, respectively, while elevated salinity consistently suppressed\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth. Iron demonstrated contrasting effects depending on moisture;\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth declined with increasing iron content at low-to-moderate moisture (25 and 50%) but was enhanced at high moisture (75%), with optimal iron content reaching 268.18 mg\/kg at 35 \u00b0C.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings highlight that\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      proliferation is governed by multifactorial interactions among soil physicochemical parameters. Understanding these interactions may support the development of environmental management strategies to reduce\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      persistence in soil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:43:40Z","timestamp":1779126220000},"page":"e0014339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interaction effects of physicochemical factors on the growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil 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