{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:10:36Z","timestamp":1793070636310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Asian Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Major Disease Prevention and Control","award":["JIRL-MDCA2024-GH7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIRL-MDCA2024-GH7"]}]},{"name":"scientific research projects of autonomous region universities","award":["XJEDU2025J060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJEDU2025J060"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia","award":["SKL-HIDCA-2023-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL-HIDCA-2023-21"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Youth Science Fund","award":["2022D01C743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01C743"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), a neglected zoonotic disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is highly endemic in Afghanistan due to livestock-dependent livelihoods, poor sanitation, limited healthcare access, and unregulated animal practices. Despite its substantial morbidity and economic burden, national surveillance and clinical data remain scarce.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of surgically treated CE patients at five referral hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan. The objective is to fill the gap of limited national-level data on CE, provide evidence for targeted clinical management, resource allocation, and inform the development of effective public health interventions to address this neglected disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective hospital based surgical case series analyzed 330 surgically treated CE patients admitted to five hospitals in Kabul (2021\u20132025). Data on demographics, geographic origin, affected organs, and clinical records were extracted from archived medical documents. Descriptive analysis prioritized epidemiological and clinical characterization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients (6\u201378 years) originated from 31 provinces, with Kabul (107 cases), Faryab (35), and Balkh (24) as top sources. No significant gender predominance was observed (52.12% male, 47.87% female). Lungs were the most affected organ (86.66%), followed by the liver (11.51%); 81.31% of patients &lt;20 years had pulmonary CE. Most cases (45.45%) were recorded in 2025, reflecting improved record retrieval.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion &amp; conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CE persists as a major public health challenge in Afghanistan, driven by fragmented surveillance, inadequate prevention, and unequal treatment access. The high proportion of pulmonary CE and young patients highlights unique local epidemiological patterns. Addressing CE requires a multisectoral \u201cOne Health\u201d approach integrating surveillance, community education, veterinary interventions, and expanded diagnostic\/treatment capacity to break the poverty-disease cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1779384510000},"page":"e0014357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A multicenter hospital-based analysis of cystic Echinococcosis in Afghanistan: Filling a National data gap"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8387-9674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Borhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Hussain","family":"Mosawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahetibieke","family":"Tuohetaerbaike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sayed","family":"Behrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Shafi","family":"Fazli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faridoon","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Jamshid","family":"Mehrpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Balokhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turyalai","family":"Hakimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulbari","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zabihullah Adib","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-220X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4277-9983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Torgerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.07.001","article-title":"Biology and systematics of Echinococcus","volume":"95","author":"RCA Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008382","article-title":"Source attribution of human echinococcosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref003","article-title":"Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st century","author":"H Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.001","article-title":"Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis","volume":"95","author":"P Deplazes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001920","article-title":"World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref006","unstructured":"WHO. Echinococcosis fact sheet. Newsroom. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/echinococcosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014357.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12502035776153","article-title":"Cystic echinococcosis in Tunisia: analysis of hydatid cysts that have been surgically removed from patients","volume":"103","author":"S Lahmar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.027","article-title":"A review of the global prevalence, molecular epidemiology and economics of cystic echinococcosis in production animals","volume":"192","author":"GA Cardona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008114","article-title":"Cystic echinococcosis in the eastern mediterranean region: neglected and prevailing!","volume":"14","author":"M Borhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.009","article-title":"Echinococcosis\/hydatidosis: a severe threat in Mediterranean countries","volume":"174","author":"A Dakkak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref011","first-page":"17","article-title":"Knowledge, awareness and practices regarding cystic echinococcosis among livestock farmers in Basrah province, Iraq","volume":"5","author":"MF Abdulhameed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0014357.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001915","article-title":"The monetary burden of cystic echinococcosis in Iran","volume":"6","author":"M Fasihi Harandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014357.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.61438\/sarj.v1i2.144","article-title":"Prevalence and management of hepatic hydatid cyst at herat regional hospital: a descriptive study","volume":"1","author":"F Haidary","year":"2025","journal-title":"SalamatARJ"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disseminated hydatid disease in a child involving multiple organ systems: a case report","volume":"12","author":"MU Shabbir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014357.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2020.6325","article-title":"Results of radiological and serological screenings in individuals sharing the same living area as patients with hydatid cyst in Afghanistan\u2019s state hospital","volume":"44","author":"MM Eilbigi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014357.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050499","article-title":"Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis","volume":"12","author":"CM Budke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1086\/340704","article-title":"Endemic infectious diseases of Afghanistan","volume":"34","author":"MR Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5455\/IJE.2022.02.03","article-title":"Cystic Echinococcosis in children: addressing research needs, filling knowledge gaps","volume":"1","author":"M Borhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Echinococcoses"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref019","article-title":"Echinococcoses in Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan: old diseases in the new millennium","author":"M Borhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.003","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus in livestock and humans in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"170","author":"AA Latif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014357.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.032","article-title":"Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey","volume":"163","author":"S Sari\u00f6zkan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.03.014","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of echinococcosis in central Asia, with particular reference to the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"141","author":"W Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf028","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan","volume":"119","author":"BA Rahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref024","unstructured":"Ates S, Hassan S, Soofizada Q, Biradar C. The status of forage production in Afghanistan: forage options for smallholder livestock keepers in water-scarce environments of Afghanistan. 2018."},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.55544\/jrasb.1.5.8","article-title":"Descriptive study of pertussis in the post graduated hospital khost Afghanistan","volume":"1","author":"A Qadri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Res Appl Sci Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014357.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30221-4","article-title":"Prevalence of abdominal cystic echinococcosis in rural Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey: a cross-sectional, ultrasound-based, population study from the HERACLES project","volume":"18","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref027","unstructured":"Statista. Afghanistan: age structure from 2014 to 2024. 2026. Accessed 2026 January 26. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/262042\/age-structure-in-afghanistan\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00257-7","article-title":"Human cystic echinococcosis in Kyrgystan: an epidemiological study","volume":"85","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Empowering women in the rural labor force with a focus on agricultural employment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)","author":"M Abdelali-martini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Gr Meet CSW 56"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref030","article-title":"The role of rural women in livestock management: socio-economic evidences from diverse geographical locations of Punjab (Pakistan)","author":"TI Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Women\u2019s economic empowerment in agriculture","author":"AT Ihsan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adroitassociates"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref032","unstructured":"Benson-Byce CN, Hutchens TK, Nikoomanish BA. Gender roles in dairy production and women\u2019s access to agricultural advisory systems in Western Afghanistan. 2019;:168\u201371."},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref033","first-page":"147","article-title":"Milk and marketing of dairy productions in samangan province: a case study in districts of khuram-sarbagh, feroz-nakhchir, and center of samangan (Aybak), afghanistan","volume":"4","author":"AH Mukhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Innov Res Sci Stud"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref034","volume-title":"Empowering women in Afghanistan: reducing gender gaps through integrated dairy schemes","author":"R Boros","year":"2015"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref035","first-page":"59","article-title":"The participation of rural Afghan women in small-scale dairy farming","volume":"5","author":"MH Khail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Innov Res Sci Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014357.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.41.5.11063","article-title":"Orbital hydatid cyst, a rare cause of exophthalmos in paediatric population: a case report","volume":"41","author":"A Tahir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03502-w","article-title":"Orbital intramuscular hydatid cyst causing compressive optic neuropathy: a case report and literature review","volume":"24","author":"AA Haydar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014357.ref038","first-page":"197","article-title":"Orbital hydatid cyst in pediatric patients: report of two rare cases from Afghanistan","volume":"3","author":"J Mudafi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afghan J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2024.102140","article-title":"Orbital hydatid cyst and its successful treatment: a case report from Afghanistan","volume":"36","author":"SF Hosaini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.60141\/ajid.93","article-title":"Extra-pulmonary hydatid cyst from Afghanistan: a case report","volume":"3","author":"MS Behrad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afghanistan J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01912","article-title":"Recurrent spinal hydatidosis causing Gibbus deformity: report of a rare case","volume":"34","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2023.108589","article-title":"Primary intramuscular thigh hydatid cyst: a case report","volume":"109","author":"S Siraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.106230","article-title":"Primary left ovarian hydatid cyst presenting as an abdominal mass - case report","volume":"85","author":"FA Nazari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11300-y","article-title":"Spontaneous disseminated hydatidosis with uterine involvement in an 8-year-old child: a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"25","author":"M Forooghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2024.e01994","article-title":"A case report of primary hydatidosis of ulna and adjacent soft tissue","volume":"37","author":"T Ghani","year":"2024","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref046","first-page":"55","article-title":"Multi vesicular osseous hydatid disease of the mandible- a case report","volume":"5","author":"H Shahoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref047","first-page":"83","article-title":"Primary cerebral hydatid cyst: two cases report","volume":"18","author":"F Radmenesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref048","first-page":"39","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome analysis of intracranial hydatid cysts","volume":"28","author":"MM Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref049","first-page":"1","article-title":"Myocardial hydatid cyst: an uncommon complication of echinococcal infection","volume":"2","author":"F Abtahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran Cardiovasc Res J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-2-62","article-title":"Some rare presentations of hydatid cysts: two case reports","volume":"2","author":"SH Zaidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cases J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014357.ref051","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Complex case of multi-organ hydatid cystic echinococcosis: atypical presentation and multidisciplinary surgical management","volume":"1","author":"B Sanei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Online J Clin Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014357.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(88)90067-X","article-title":"Parasites of dogs in Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"144","author":"PD Le Riche","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref053","first-page":"45","article-title":"Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"51","author":"A Nadim","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref054","article-title":"PVS evaluation follow-up mission report Islamic republic of Afghanistan","author":"J Woodford","year":"2017","journal-title":"OIE"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref055","unstructured":"WHO. Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240010352"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref056","unstructured":"WHO. WHO issues new 10-year plan to end suffering from neglected tropical diseases. WHO. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/28-01-2021-who-issues-new-10-year-plan-to-end-suffering-from-neglected-tropical-diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0014357.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4630-9","article-title":"The first detection of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in environmental fruit, vegetable, and mushroom samples using nested PCR","volume":"114","author":"A Lass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115334","article-title":"Contamination of wastewater with Echinococcus multilocularis - possible implications for drinking water resources in the QTP China","volume":"170","author":"A Lass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014357.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0053","article-title":"Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in fruit, vegetable, and mushroom samples collected in the non-endemic territory of the Pomerania province and comparison of the results with data from rural areas of the neighbouring highly endemic Warmia-Masuria province, Poland","volume":"62","author":"A Lass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014357.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.441","article-title":"Short report: the use of a polymerase chain reaction to detect Echinococcus granulosus (G1 strain) eggs in soil samples","volume":"71","author":"BS Shaikenov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.02.028","article-title":"First finding of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in soil: preliminary survey in Varmia-Masuria Province, northeast Poland","volume":"203","author":"B Szostakowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0014357.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182024000945","article-title":"Presence of Echinococcus eggs in the environment and food: a review of current data and future prospects","volume":"151","author":"R Barosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0832-3","article-title":"Infection of dogs with Echinococcus granulosus: causes and consequences in an hyperendemic area","volume":"8","author":"R Cha\u00e2bane-Banaoues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref064","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk ranking of foodborne parasites: state of the art","author":"B Devleesschauwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.050","article-title":"First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in environmental water sources in endemic areas using capsule filtration and molecular detection methods","volume":"160","author":"A Lass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref066","unstructured":"UNPD. Nearly 80 pct of Afghans lack access to drinking water: UNDP. 2025. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/english.news.cn\/20240325\/4e47ea8d007e4febb30dad802fa01da3\/c.html#:~:text=KABUL%2C"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1789-3","article-title":"Hygienic practices and diarrheal illness among persons living in at-risk settings in Kabul, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"MY Mubarak","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref068","unstructured":"Amu. WFP: 9.5 million in Afghanistan remain in acute food insecurity. 2025. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/amu.tv\/192263\/"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref069","volume-title":"Afghanistan: acute food insecurity situation","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref070","unstructured":"Bank W. World Bank: Afghanistan is among the 26 poorest countries in the world. 2025. https:\/\/bayannews.af\/en\/2024\/10\/14\/world-bank-afghanistan-is-among-the-26-poorest-countries-in-the-world\/#:~:text=Bayan%20News%20%E2%80%93%20A%20new%20report%20from%20the,among%20the%2026%20poorest%20countries%20in%20the%20world"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014357.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010665","article-title":"Review of the neglected tropical diseases programme implementation during 2012-2019 in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean region","volume":"16","author":"S Warusavithana","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref072","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases, conflict, and the right to health.","author":"B Chris","year":"2011","journal-title":"The causes and impacts of neglected tropical and zoonotic diseases: opportunities for integrated intervention strategies. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US)"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-106","article-title":"Zoonoses and marginalised infectious diseases of poverty: where do we stand?","volume":"4","author":"D Molyneux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014357.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2019.61.3.111","article-title":"Slaughter practices of different faiths in different countries","volume":"61","author":"ZA Aghwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref075","article-title":"The neglected tropical diseases and the neglected infections of poverty: overview of their common features, global disease burden and distribution, new control tools, and prospects for disease elimination","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2011"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.04.007","article-title":"Control of cystic echinococcosis in Iran: where do we stand?","author":"M Ebrahimipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00412","article-title":"Spread of cystic echinococcosis in Pakistan due to stray dogs and livestock slaughtering habits: research priorities and public health importance","volume":"7","author":"A Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06581-2","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato control measures: a specific focus on vaccines for both definitive and intermediate hosts","volume":"17","author":"M Borhani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010029","article-title":"Assessing the burden of neglected tropical diseases in low-income communities: challenges and solutions","volume":"17","author":"F Branda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref080","unstructured":"Hemme T, Otte J. Pro-poor livestock policy initiative status and prospects for smallholder milk production: a global perspective. 2010."},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref081","unstructured":"WHO. Afghanistan, Grade 3 emergency. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/funding\/health-emergency-appeals\/2022\/2023\/2023-appeals\/appeal-afghanistan"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.14819","article-title":"Association of exposure to civil conflict with maternal resilience and maternal and child health and health system performance in Afghanistan","volume":"2","author":"N Akseer","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0309-z","article-title":"Why more research needs to be done on echinococcosis in Pakistan","volume":"6","author":"H Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-23","article-title":"Community-based interventions for the prevention and control of helmintic neglected tropical diseases","volume":"3","author":"RA Salam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014357.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006968","article-title":"How can we better integrate the prevention, treatment, control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases with other health interventions? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"GT Banda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014357.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01011-w","article-title":"Local tips, global impact: community-driven measures as avenues of promoting inclusion in the control of neglected tropical diseases: a case study in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"EA Ochola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref087","unstructured":"WHO. Health systems recovery in fragile and conflict-affected situations in the Eastern Mediterranean region executive summary. 2025."},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref088","unstructured":"WHO. Afghanistan: WHO health emergency appeal 2025. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/afghanistan--who-health-emergency-appeal-2025"},{"key":"pntd.0014357.ref089","unstructured":"ICRC. Health care in danger. 2011."}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:28:41Z","timestamp":1779384521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014357"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Periago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]}}}