{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:14:18Z","timestamp":1780596858204,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014384","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government\u2019s Government Partnerships for Development project","award":["GPFD130117R1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPFD130117R1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013103","name":"QIMR Berghofer","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Building on our previous report of high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among Myanmar schoolchildren (Aung et al., Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2022), we conducted additional molecular screening of archival stool samples from the same cohort in Phyu Township, Bago Region, to investigate additional helminth infections. We also report finding of other helminths by Kato-Katz in the previous study that were not previously published. Stool samples utilised in this study were collected in 2016 and the DNA extracted in 2017 and kept stored at -20\u00b0C until further molecular characterisation in this study in 2025. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we detected\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in two of 264 samples,\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in twelve, and\n                    <jats:italic>Ancylostoma ceylanicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in eleven. Although sequencing of the\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive samples was unsuccessful, the molecular evidence aligns with other recent reports suggesting emerging or cryptic transmission of schistosomiasis in Myanmar. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the region remains poorly defined, highlighting the need for targeted snail surveys, environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring, and host sampling to confirm transmission foci. This study demonstrates the added value of molecular diagnostics for complementing traditional parasitological methods and guiding surveillance and control strategies in areas of emerging endemicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T17:42:07Z","timestamp":1779817327000},"page":"e0014384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanded molecular evidence of soil-transmitted helminth and Schistosoma spp. infections in Myanmar schoolchildren: A qPCR update"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Eindra","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Collinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay Thwe","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyein Nyein","family":"Hlaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moe Moe","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myo Win","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Thet","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Mon","family":"Myat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thida Lay","family":"Thwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aung","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinley","family":"Wangdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuesheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archie C. A.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana Vaz","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-5220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref001","first-page":"40","article-title":"Asian Schistosomiasis: Current Status and Prospects for Control Leading to Elimination","volume":"4","author":"CA Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014384.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)01904-3","article-title":"Host--parasite relationships of Schistosoma japonicum in mammalian hosts","volume":"17","author":"YX He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014384.ref004","first-page":"372","article-title":"Low Prevalence of Schistosoma mekongi Infection and High Prevalence of Other Helminth Infections among Domestic Animals in Southern Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"8","author":"S Sayasone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014384.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001037","article-title":"Helminth and intestinal protozoa infections, multiparasitism and risk factors in Champasack province, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"5","author":"S Sayasone","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014384.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02827-7","article-title":"Relationships between Schistosoma malayensis and other Asian schistosomes deduced from DNA sequences","volume":"85","author":"D Blair","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.012","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Malaysia: A review","volume":"190","author":"C Chuah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04290-0","article-title":"Clinical helminthiases in Thailand border regions show elevated prevalence levels using qPCR diagnostics combined with traditional microscopic methods","volume":"13","author":"P Adisakwattana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014384.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2307\/3282058","article-title":"Schistosoma malayensis n. sp.: a Schistosoma japonicum-complex schistosome from Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"74","author":"GJ Greer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014384.ref010","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Human passage of Schistosoma incognitum, Tamil Nadu, India, and review of autochthonous schistosomiasis, South Asia","volume":"30","author":"SSR Ajjampur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0211-0","article-title":"Detection of Schistosoma Antibodies and exploration of associated factors among local residents around Inlay Lake, Southern Shan State, Myanmar","volume":"6","author":"HZ Soe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref012","unstructured":"Diagnostic automation\/ Cortex diagnostics. AccuDiag Schistosoma IgG. https:\/\/diagnosticautomationinc.com\/AccuDiag%E2%84%A2-Schistosoma-IgG----------------_p_1652.html 2025."},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref013","unstructured":"Reliefweb. WHO\u2019s field visit reports over 400 schistosomiasis cases in Rakhine State. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/myanmar\/who-s-field-visit-reports-over-400-schistosomiasis-cases-rakhine-state 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014384.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.11.008","article-title":"Identification and differentiation of human schistosomes by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"124","author":"N Kato-Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref015","unstructured":"Han K, Wai K, Htun MW, Aye K, Latt A, Chi Aung San N. Molecular verification of Schistosoma mekongi infection in ShweKyin Township, Myanmar. 2017."},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0133-6","article-title":"Emerging neglected helminthiasis and determinants of multiple helminth infections in flood-prone township in Myanmar","volume":"47","author":"KT Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014384.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07428-4","article-title":"Morphological and molecular identification of trematode cercariae related with humans and animal health in freshwater snails from a lake and a dam in Myanmar","volume":"121","author":"S Bawm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006924","article-title":"Comparative studies on susceptibilities of two different Japanese isolates of Oncomelania nosophora to three strains of Schistosoma japonicum originating from Japan, China, and the Philippines","volume":"130","author":"M Kirinoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014384.ref019","first-page":"155","article-title":"Susceptibility of Oncomelania hupensis subspecies to infection with geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"15","author":"JH Cross","year":"1984","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014384.ref020","first-page":"189","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum-like infection in Phichit province, northern Thailand: a case report","volume":"17","author":"T Bunnag","year":"1986","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014384.ref021","first-page":"163","article-title":"Schistosoma incognitum and its zoonotic potential role in Phitsanulok and Phichit provinces, northern Thailand","volume":"14","author":"T Bunnag","year":"1983","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014384.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(77)90060-1","article-title":"Schistosoma incognitum from Cikurai, West Java, Indonesia","volume":"7","author":"Purnomo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106133","article-title":"Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion","volume":"224","author":"B Sripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90018-X","article-title":"Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Schistosoma incognitum and Orientobilharzia dattai","volume":"22","author":"M Das","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0014384.ref025","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Susceptibility of Macaca mulatta to Schistosoma incognitum, with observations on pathology of the infection","volume":"55","author":"SC Dutt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-00952-6","article-title":"High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Myanmar schoolchildren","volume":"11","author":"E Aung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014384.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005734","article-title":"A novel, species-specific, real-time PCR assay for the detection of the emerging zoonotic parasite Ancylostoma ceylanicum in human stool","volume":"11","author":"M Papaiakovou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014384.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009877","article-title":"Development of a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the sensitive detection of Schistosoma japonicum in human stool","volume":"15","author":"S Halili","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014384.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90079-Q","article-title":"Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers highly conserved between Chinese and Philippine Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"55","author":"J Bowles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014384.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004578","article-title":"Improved PCR-Based Detection of Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections Using a Next-Generation Sequencing Approach to Assay Design","volume":"10","author":"N Pilotte","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014384.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.01.018","article-title":"TaqMan real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Opisthorchis viverrini DNA in Thai patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"119","author":"N Suksumek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06464-6","article-title":"Comparison of multi-parallel quantitative real-time PCRs targeting different DNA regions and detecting soil-transmitted helminths in stool","volume":"17","author":"M Papaiakovou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004380","article-title":"Application of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR to Assess Prevalence and Intensity Of Intestinal Parasite Infections in a Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"S Llewellyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref034","article-title":"Five ways to find a parasite: Comparison of five molecular assays for the detection of Strongyloides spp","author":"J Haidamak","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014384.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3110.250816","article-title":"Zoonotic Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among Humans, Gabon","volume":"31","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014384.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3109.241923","article-title":"Insights into infant strongyloidiasis, Papua New Guinea","volume":"31","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014384.ref037","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis","volume":"10","author":"CA Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0126-5","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Lower Myanmar","volume":"46","author":"MPPTHH Aung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.07.001","article-title":"Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm infection in Japanese traveler who presented chronic diarrhea after return from Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"65","author":"D Kaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014384.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv001","article-title":"Identification of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in children from a tribal community in Tamil Nadu, India using a semi-nested PCR-RFLP tool","volume":"109","author":"S George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014384.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.131770","article-title":"High prevalence of Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm infections in humans, Cambodia, 2012","volume":"20","author":"T Inpankaew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014384.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.6.747","article-title":"Molecular detection of Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and Necator americanus in humans in northeastern and southern Thailand","volume":"51","author":"I Phosuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.07.006","article-title":"Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a re-emerging but neglected parasitic zoonosis","volume":"43","author":"RJ Traub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014384.ref044","first-page":"208759","article-title":"The zoonotic risk of Ancylostoma ceylanicum isolated from stray dogs and cats in Guangzhou, South China","volume":"2014","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014384.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0610","article-title":"First Molecular Identifications of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infecting Rural Communities in Lower Myanmar","volume":"96","author":"W Pa Pa Aung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014384","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:42:59Z","timestamp":1780594979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014384"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Diemert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]}}}