{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:50:40Z","timestamp":1782237040733,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Contrat Plan Etat-R\u00e9gion"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IHUPERF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IHUPERF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many emerging zoonotic viruses pose major risks to animal and human health, with most recent epidemics of viral origin. This review focuses on encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a member of the\n                    <jats:italic>Picornaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family and the\n                    <jats:italic>Cardiovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus with significant but largely underrecognized zoonotic potential. While EMCV has not yet caused major public health crises, its broad host range and rodent reservoir suggest a wider ecological impact. It is typically detected only during high-fatality outbreaks, particularly in domestic animals and non-human primates (NHPs), which are among the most vulnerable hosts. Multiple fatal outbreaks in captive and semi-captive NHPs have been documented. Human infections appear rare, yet the prevalence of antibodies suggests widespread exposure. EMCV remains largely absent from diagnostic panels and its epidemiology is poorly understood. We argue that EMCV warrants much closer attention due to its ability to cause severe disease in NHPs and its potential risk to humans. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, diagnosis, and prevention of EMCV in primates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:25:42Z","timestamp":1782235542000},"page":"e0014409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV): An overlooked threat to primates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Inestin","family":"Amona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Kumakamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Labarrere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014409.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20573","article-title":"The encephalomyocarditis virus","volume":"3","author":"M Carocci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"3399","key":"pntd.0014409.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.131.3399.498","article-title":"Fatal disease of swine due to encephalomyocarditis virus","volume":"131","author":"TG Murnane","year":"1960","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014409.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03611-6","article-title":"Management of encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Italian pig farms: a case report","volume":"19","author":"A Scollo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014409.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27828-5","article-title":"A recent view about encephalomyocarditis virus circulating in compartmentalised animal population in Northern Italy","volume":"13","author":"EA Foglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014409.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.171.09.902","article-title":"Encephalomyocarditis virus infection of captive elephants","volume":"171","author":"CF Simpson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0014409.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"The tragedy of encephalomyocarditis virus infection in zoological parks of Florida","author":"JM Gaskin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"pntd.0014409.ref007","first-page":"291","article-title":"Encephalomyocarditis virus: epizootic in a zoological collection","volume":"20","author":"SK Wells","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Zool Wild Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014409.ref008","first-page":"97","article-title":"An outbreak of encephalomyocarditis-virus infection in free-ranging African elephants in the Kruger National Park","volume":"62","author":"DG Grobler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2637","key":"pntd.0014409.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1126\/science.102.2637.31","article-title":"A filter-passing agent producing interstitial myocarditis in anthropoid apes and small animals","volume":"102","author":"FC Helwig","year":"1945","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0014409.ref010","first-page":"547","article-title":"Mengo encephalomyelitis virus. 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