{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:36:03Z","timestamp":1791941763639,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK131313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK131313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34AI165304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34AI165304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a protozoan parasite that causes amebic colitis, a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease worldwide, and amebic liver abscess, the most common extraintestinal manifestation of infection. The disease burden is highest in resource-limited settings but remains clinically important in travelers and men who have sex with men in non-endemic regions. Although most infections are asymptomatic, severe and fulminant disease is associated with high mortality, particularly among individuals exposed to corticosteroids or other forms of immunosuppression. The increasing use of molecular diagnostic tools has improved understanding of the epidemiology of\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and enabled distinction from morphologically identical but nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                    species; however, these diagnostics remain underutilized in many endemic settings due to cost and infrastructure limitations. Treatment options remain limited, with nitroimidazoles constituting the only drug class available for symptomatic invasive disease, leaving few alternatives for patients who cannot tolerate therapy or in the event of emerging resistance. Despite advances in understanding parasite pathogenesis and the application of high-throughput technologies, no licensed vaccine exists, and progress toward vaccine development has been minimal. These persistent gaps highlight the need to reprioritize amebiasis as a neglected tropical disease and to accelerate investment in diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:39:37Z","timestamp":1782149977000},"page":"e0014423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Amebiasis as a neglected tropical disease: Current knowledge gaps and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1718-0901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Debbie-Ann","family":"Shirley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasika","family":"Jayarathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cirle A.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Moonah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014423.ref001","article-title":"A review of the global burden, new diagnostics, and current therapeutics for amebiasis","volume":"5","author":"D-AT Shirley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10051","key":"pntd.0014423.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study","volume":"388","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0014423.ref003","volume-title":"Current status and progress: diarrhoea remains a leading killer of young children, despite the availability of a simple treatment solution","author":"UNICEF","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014423.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004879","article-title":"Fulminant amebic colitis after corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"DA Shirley","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014423.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3102.241507","article-title":"Amebiasis in Mexico, 2014-2023","volume":"31","author":"A Antonio-Campos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014423.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001854","article-title":"The influence of COVID-19 barrier measures on the positivity rate of typhoidal salmonellosis and amoebiasis in the Buea Health District, South West Region of Cameroon","volume":"3","author":"AB Sunday","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014423.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.05.008","article-title":"A global study of pathogens and host risk factors associated with infectious gastrointestinal disease in returned international travellers","volume":"59","author":"A Swaminathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0014423.ref008","volume-title":"Foreign born: 2019 current population survey detailed tables. 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