{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T18:08:39Z","timestamp":1784052519551,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-031336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-031336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022072","name":"Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hibah UI PUTI Q1 EQUITY PKS-96\/UN2.R3\/HKP.05.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hibah UI PUTI Q1 EQUITY PKS-96\/UN2.R3\/HKP.05.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Belitung district, Indonesia, is endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by zoophilic\n                    <jats:italic>Brugia malayi.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The district received 5 rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) with diethycarbamazine and albendazole (DA) between 2006 and 2010 and passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS). Post-TAS-3 surveillance in 2021 revealed a prevalence of microfilariae (Mf) of 2.1%. This led to district-wide resumption of MDA with co-administered ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA). The impact of two rounds of IDA MDA was assessed using a modified IDA Impact Survey design. At baseline survey in 2022, we tested 5,161 adults in 30 clusters drawn from 26 villages. The overall Mf prevalence was 1.57% (95% CI 1.25 \u2013 1.95), although Mf-positive individuals were only detected in 16 villages. Based on geospatial predictions, follow-up surveys were conducted in 12 villages including 1 village that was previously not chosen in the baseline randomization. Further analysis focused on the 11 villages that were surveyed three times. The overall Mf prevalence in adults at the baseline was 2.51% (95% CI 1.99 \u2013 3.14). Prevalence of Mf carriers after one and two rounds of MDA was significantly decreased compared to the baseline (0.86% (95% CI 0.59 \u2013 1.21) and 1.10% (95% CI 0.78 \u2013 1.49)) respectively. Follow-up surveys showed that IDA was effective for clearing Mf, and more than 90% of the individuals in the follow-up surveys reported consumption of at least one IDA treatment. However, we detected new Mf-positive individuals during each of the follow-up surveys. In this setting, two rounds of IDA were insufficient to eliminate\n                    <jats:italic>B. malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Areas with zoophilic\n                    <jats:italic>B. malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                    may need to be designated by WHO as special intervention zones for LF elimination that require additional MDA and more intense post MDA surveillances.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T17:35:07Z","timestamp":1784050507000},"page":"e0014501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can mass drug administration alone eliminate lymphatic filariasis in areas of Indonesia with zoophilic Brugia malayi?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1209-402X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taniawati","family":"Supali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenny","family":"Djuardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noviani","family":"Sugianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahmat","family":"Alfian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yossi","family":"Destani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter U.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014501.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90445-7","article-title":"Periodicity studies of Brugia malayi in Indonesia: recent findings and a modified classification of the parasite","volume":"81","author":"Purnomo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0014501.ref002","first-page":"67","article-title":"A review of Brugia species with special reference to B. malayi and to zoonotic infections","volume":"3","author":"AS Dissanaike","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014501.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1971.11686786","article-title":"Brugia infections in man and animals: long-term observations on microfilaraemia and estimates of the efficiency of transmission from mosquito vector to definitive host","volume":"65","author":"T Wilson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014501.ref004","first-page":"15","article-title":"The periodicity of Brugia malayi in a naturally infected Macaca fascicularis and experimentally infected M. fascicularis and Presbytis melalophos","volume":"1","author":"JW Mak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014501.ref005","first-page":"584","article-title":"A study of malayan filariasis in Lubuk Mumpo and Datar Lebar villages in Lais Regency, North Bengkulu, Sumatera, Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"M Sudomo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0014501.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107049","article-title":"Prevalence of zoonotic (brugian) filariasis in Asia: A proportional meta-analysis","volume":"249","author":"C Naing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0014501.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anorital HM, Pangaribuan HU, Ariati J, Cahyorini, Senewe FP. 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