{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:06:26Z","timestamp":1784311586933,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014535","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000}}],"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016285","name":"TDR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B40323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B40323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rabies virus is a serious global public health threat that primarily affects vulnerable populations in rural areas. Despite vaccination efforts, some countries, such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, continue to report human fatalities and confirmed outbreaks in dogs caused by this virus. This study evaluated the fidelity of the implementation of an antirabies vaccination campaign for dogs and cats in the southern area of the Cercado municipality, Cochabamba (Bolivia), in 2021 to identify implementation gaps that may undermine rabies control as a public health strategy in endemic regions. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a purposive sampling approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods through a parallel nonconvergent design. Seventeen health centers in the southern area of the study municipality were examined via a 27-point checklist to assess the fidelity of the implementation of the vaccination campaign in accordance with current national regulations. Additionally, semistructured interviews were conducted with 46 intervention providers and 108 dog and cat owners to explore perceptions regarding institutional responsibility and campaign functioning, following COREQ guidelines. All health centers demonstrated low adherence to the intervention content, with compliance rates below 80% in all participating establishments. A total of 70.6% (12\/17) of the centers achieved adequate coverage, 82.4% (14\/17) maintained an appropriate vaccination frequency, and 64.7% (11\/17) reported a sufficient duration. Factors related to the antirabies vaccination campaign (including values associated with the intervention, inner-setting conditions, expected efficacy, and communication and coordination strategies) were identified as both barriers to and facilitators of implementation fidelity in the study area. Dog and cat vaccination campaigns face infrastructure, socioeconomic, and institutional barriers, along with weak oversight and communication. Nonetheless, health officials and pet owners recognize rabies as a serious public health concern that requires urgent control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:58:11Z","timestamp":1783706291000},"page":"e0014535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fidelity of the implementation of antirabies vaccination for dogs and cats in the Plurinational State of Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Rodrigo","family":"G\u00f3mez-Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"V\u00e9lez Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8836-8827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathalia M.","family":"Correa-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rojas-Arbelaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014535.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008633","article-title":"A descriptive study of zoonotic disease risk at the human-wildlife interface in a biodiversity hot spot in South Western Uganda","volume":"15","author":"S Namusisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref002","author":"AR Spickler","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014535.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies","volume":"9","author":"K Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref004","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref005","volume-title":"WHO expert consultation on rabies: third report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","edition":"3"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref006","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref007","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Norma nacional de profilaxis antirr\u00e1bica en humanos y animales dom\u00e9sticos (National guidelines for rabies prophylaxis in humans and domestic animals)","author":"GA Berrios-Garc\u00eda","year":"2012"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref008","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014535.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005460","article-title":"Barriers to dog rabies vaccination during an urban rabies outbreak: qualitative findings from Arequipa, Peru","volume":"11","author":"R Castillo-Neyra","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-2-40","article-title":"A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity","volume":"2","author":"C Carroll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014535.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008260","article-title":"Volunteer based approach to dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate human rabies: lessons from Laikipia County, Kenya","volume":"14","author":"AW Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref012","volume-title":"Plurinational State of Bolivia. Manual for Canine and Feline Rabies Vaccination Campaigns","author":"Ministry of Health and Sports","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref013","author":"The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014535.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"pntd.0014535.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203413081_chapter_9","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research.","author":"J Ritchie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Analyzing qualitative data"},{"issue":"46","key":"pntd.0014535.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.015","article-title":"Thermotolerance of an inactivated rabies vaccine for dogs","volume":"34","author":"FJ Lankester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014535","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:00:10Z","timestamp":1784311210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014535"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Song","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014535","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}