{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:19:15Z","timestamp":1787941155602,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PMU-B","award":["B42G680039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B42G680039"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IAEA\/CRP\/D44004\/23918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAEA\/CRP\/D44004\/23918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007180","name":"Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIF\/CNI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIF\/CNI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016907","name":"IPST","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a primary vector of several arboviral diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. Eliminating\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      can disrupt virus transmission cycles, thereby reducing the incidence of these diseases. Releasing sterile\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      males has been implemented to suppress their natural populations, using three approaches, i.e., ionizing radiation-induced sterilization (Sterile Insect Technique, SIT),\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (Incompatible Insect Technique, IIT), and a combination of both approaches (SIT\/IIT).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated effects of different X-ray radiation doses on the ecological fitness of the Thai wild-type and\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      trans-infected\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Both wild-type and\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB trans-infected\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      were irradiated with different X-ray radiation dosages, i.e., 30, 50, and 70 Gy, at the pupal stage. Our results demonstrated reduced fitness parameters in both\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains when irradiation dosages increased, with greater adverse effects observed in the\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia-<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected group. Interestingly, 30 Gy irradiation appeared to prolong the lifespan of\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB trans-infected\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Male fertility in both wild-type and\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB trans-infected mosquitoes irradiated at 50 Gy and 70 Gy was nearly zero.\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      density generally declined with increasing radiation, and higher doses were associated with reduced mating competitiveness. At 30 Gy, wild-type males outperformed\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB trans-infected males in mating competitiveness; but it was reversed at 50 Gy and 70 Gy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on the evaluation of ecological fitness parameters and mating competitiveness across various X-ray dosages under laboratory conditions, 30 Gy is recommended for sterilizing both Thai wild-type and\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB trans-infected\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our findings aim to improve the efficiency of sterile mosquito release programs, thereby suppressing\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      vector populations and mitigating the risk of arboviral disease transmission\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:43:31Z","timestamp":1787939011000},"page":"e0014563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different X-ray irradiation dosages on Wolbachia trans-infected and uninfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jiraporn","family":"Yongyai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parinda","family":"Thayanukul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4234-1239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pattamaporn","family":"Kittayapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.11.026","article-title":"Global risk mapping for major diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"67","author":"S Leta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030636","article-title":"Biology and behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the human environment: Opportunities for vector control of arbovirus transmission","volume":"15","author":"L Facchinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0014563.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005848","article-title":"The elimination of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, from Brisbane, Australia: The role of surveillance, larval habitat removal and policy","volume":"11","author":"BJ Trewin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000342","article-title":"The potential role of Wolbachia in controlling the transmission of emerging human arboviral infections","volume":"30","author":"J Kamtchum-Tatuene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014563.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007420","article-title":"Environmental methods for dengue vector control - A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"C Buhler","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-5","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations from Cear\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"4","author":"EP Lima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010032","article-title":"A review: Aedes-borne arboviral infections, controls and Wolbachia-based strategies","volume":"9","author":"ST Ogunlade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010324","article-title":"Pilot trial using mass field-releases of sterile males produced with the incompatible and sterile insect techniques as part of integrated Aedes aegypti control in Mexico","volume":"16","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014563.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00169-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of Wolbachia-mediated sterility coupled with sterile insect technique to suppress adult Aedes aegypti populations in Singapore: A synthetic control study","volume":"8","author":"S Bansal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014563.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007771","article-title":"Combined sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique: The first proof-of-concept to suppress Aedes aegypti vector populations in semi-rural settings in Thailand","volume":"13","author":"P Kittayapong","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref011","article-title":"Radiation biology of mosquitoes","author":"MEH Helinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014563.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12020145","article-title":"Sexual competitiveness and induced egg sterility by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus gamma-irradiated males: A laboratory and field study in Mexico","volume":"12","author":"JG Bond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146834","article-title":"Comparison of irradiation and Wolbachia based approaches for sterile-male strategies targeting Aedes albopictus","volume":"11","author":"CM Atyame","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-023-01757-1","article-title":"Different mechanisms of X-ray irradiation-induced male and female sterility in Aedes aegypti","volume":"21","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05188-9","article-title":"Increased biting rate and decreased Wolbachia density in irradiated Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"R Moretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014563.ref016","article-title":"Optimization of irradiation dose to Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in a sterile insect technique program","volume":"14","author":"JG Bond","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3214-9","article-title":"Combined sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique: Sex separation and quality of sterile Aedes aegypti male mosquitoes released in a pilot population suppression trial in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"P Kittayapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1603\/EC09139","article-title":"A new generation of X ray irradiators for insect sterilization","volume":"103","author":"T Mastrangelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003035572-11","article-title":"Sterilizing insects with ionizing radiation","volume-title":"Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management","author":"A Bakri","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf030","article-title":"X-rays and gamma rays do not differ in their effectiveness for sterilizing pupae and adults of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"119","author":"C Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.1224386","article-title":"Sterilizing insects with X rays or gamma rays - which irradiator to select?","volume":"4","author":"H Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014563.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.025","article-title":"Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes","volume":"34","author":"SP Sinkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6012","article-title":"An elusive endosymbiont: Does Wolbachia occur naturally in Aedes aegypti?","volume":"10","author":"PA Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62476-3","article-title":"Diversity of Wolbachia infections in Sri Lankan mosquitoes with a new record of Wolbachia Supergroup B infecting Aedes aegypti vector populations","volume":"14","author":"NDAD Wijegunawardana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7361","key":"pntd.0014563.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10355","article-title":"The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations","volume":"476","author":"T Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.03095","article-title":"Paternal chromosome segregation during the first mitotic division determines Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotype","volume":"119","author":"U Tram","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005275","article-title":"Comparison of stable and transient Wolbachia infection models in Aedes aegypti to block dengue and west nile viruses","volume":"11","author":"DA Joubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref028","article-title":"Loss of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti under field conditions","volume":"13","author":"PA Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"33","key":"pntd.0014563.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508879103","article-title":"Wolbachia transinfection in Aedes aegypti: A potential gene driver of dengue vectors","volume":"103","author":"T Ruang-Areerate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151864","article-title":"Combining the sterile insect technique with the incompatible insect technique: III-robust mating competitiveness of irradiated triple wolbachia-infected Aedes albopictus males under semi-field conditions","volume":"11","author":"D Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0014563.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.09.005","article-title":"Yes, irradiated sterile male mosquitoes can be sexually competitive!","volume":"36","author":"J Bouyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/64.4.869","article-title":"Determination of sterile-insect competitiveness","volume":"64","author":"M Fried","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-318","article-title":"The effects of genetic manipulation, dieldrin treatment and irradiation on the mating competitiveness of male Anopheles arabiensis in field cages","volume":"13","author":"H Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref034","article-title":"Aedes albopictus (Skuse) males in laboratory and semi-field cages: Release ratios and mating competitiveness","author":"O Madakacherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00610-8","article-title":"Perturbed cholesterol and vesicular trafficking associated with dengue blocking in Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti cells","volume":"8","author":"V Geoghegan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wolbachia transinfections in Culex quinquefasciatus generate cytoplasmic incompatibility","volume":"29","author":"TH Ant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz023","article-title":"Environmental concentrations of antibiotics may diminish Wolbachia infections in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"56","author":"NM Endersby-Harshman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014563.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008410","article-title":"Novel phenotype of Wolbachia strain wPip in Aedes aegypti challenges assumptions on mechanisms of Wolbachia-mediated dengue virus inhibition","volume":"16","author":"JE Fraser","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref039","unstructured":"A Package for Survival Analysis in R. R package version 3.8-6. 2026. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref040","unstructured":"Analysis of Factorial Experiment. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=afex. 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0608","article-title":"Fitness of wAlbB Wolbachia Infection in Aedes aegypti: Parameter estimates in an outcrossed background and potential for population invasion","volume":"94","author":"JK Axford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010102","article-title":"Sterility of Aedes albopictus by X-ray Irradiation as an Alternative to \u03b3-ray irradiation for the sterile insect technique","volume":"12","author":"L-M Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-013-9436-5","article-title":"Low doses of radiation can enhance insect lifespans","volume":"14","author":"EJ Calabrese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300057242","article-title":"Effect of gamma-radiation on the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw","volume":"58","author":"GJ Dean","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.36.4.30152744","article-title":"Effects of X-rays on the survival of Drosophila imagoes","volume":"36","author":"GA Sacher","year":"1963","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014563.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-196512000-00035","article-title":"Long-term effects of acute low-level x-rays on the population dynamics of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"11","author":"WK Willard","year":"1965","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014563.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314683","article-title":"Comparison on the quality of sterile Aedes aegypti mosquitoes produced by either radiation-based sterile insect technique or Wolbachia-induced incompatible insect technique","volume":"20","author":"P Kittayapong","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04069-3","article-title":"The role of oxygen depletion and subsequent radioprotective effects during irradiation of mosquito pupae in water","volume":"13","author":"H Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.14.010169.000501","article-title":"Induced sterilization and control of insects","volume":"14","author":"MD Proverbs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref050","first-page":"012005","article-title":"Bacterial and archaeal resistance to ionizing radiation","volume":"261","author":"F Confalonieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Phys: Conf Ser"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014563.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.390","article-title":"The rich somatic life of Wolbachia","volume":"5","author":"JE Pietri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121813","article-title":"Wolbachia density and cytoplasmic incompatibility in Aedes albopictus: concerns with using artificial Wolbachia infection as a vector suppression tool","volume":"10","author":"M Calvitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009700","article-title":"Wolbachia age-sex-specific density in Aedes albopictus: a host evolutionary response to cytoplasmic incompatibility?","volume":"5","author":"P Tortosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014563.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3545105","article-title":"Ultraconserved elements in insect genomes: A highly conserved intronic sequence implicated in the control of homothorax mRNA splicing","volume":"15","author":"EA Glazov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0014563.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082836","article-title":"Wolbachia do not induce reactive oxygen species-dependent immune pathway activation in Aedes albopictus","volume":"7","author":"JC Molloy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1593","key":"pntd.0014563.ref056","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Wolbachia infection reduces sperm competitive ability in an insect","volume":"273","author":"FE Champion de Crespigny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014563.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10234","article-title":"On the mechanism of Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility: Confronting the models with the facts","volume":"25","author":"D Poinsot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.1034","article-title":"Optimal copula duration in yellow dung flies: Effects of female size and egg content","volume":"57","author":"G Parker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.1.167","article-title":"Offsetting effects of Wolbachia infection and heat shock on sperm production in Drosophila simulans: Analyses of fecundity, fertility and accessory gland proteins","volume":"155","author":"RR Snook","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014563.ref060","article-title":"Sustained post-mating response in Drosophila melanogaster requires multiple seminal fluid proteins","volume":"3","author":"KR Ram","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014563.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-009-0806-6","article-title":"Seminal fluid protein depletion and replenishment in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster: An ELISA-based method for tracking individual ejaculates","volume":"63","author":"LK Sirot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014563.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090721","article-title":"Sperm storage and use following multiple insemination in Aedes albopictus: Encouraging insights for the sterile insect Technique","volume":"15","author":"H Yamada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref063","unstructured":"OECD. Consensus Document on the Biology of Mosquito Aedes aegypti. Paris: Environment Directorate Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014563.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0718","article-title":"Evidence of limited polyandry in a natural population of Aedes aegypti","volume":"93","author":"JB Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref065","article-title":"Determination of Aedes mosquito mating success by a rapidly-evolving female-controlled lock-and-key mechanism","author":"L Houri-Zeevi","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014563.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0225","article-title":"Evidence of polyandry for Aedes aegypti in semifield enclosures","volume":"86","author":"MEH Helinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0014563.ref067","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidance framework for testing the sterile insect technique as a vector control tool against Aedes-borne diseases. 2020."}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1787939022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014563"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nigel","family":"Beebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}