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Evaluating the immune response to natural infection in survivors is critical to the rational development of medical countermeasures (MCM), and yet little is known thus far. Here, we describe a comprehensive analysis of adaptive immune responses from a cohort of 37 convalescent seropositive individuals of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and\/or Madariaga virus from Panama. We demonstrate persistent and polyfunctional B cell responses, as well as memory T cell cytokine production in response to viral antigen stimulation at least 3 years post-infection. VEEV survivors exhibit a higher proportion of strong responders with wider cross-reactivity than MADV survivors. This work illustrates the importance of a scientific focus on global health and international collaboration, explores several aspects of immunological engagement under-reported in the context of encephalitic alphaviruses, and should be leveraged to inform benchmarks for MCM evaluation and design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:53:32Z","timestamp":1789149212000},"page":"e0014660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Encephalitic alphavirus infection induces long-term humoral and cell-mediated responses in seropositive participants from Panama"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Courtney A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division","place":["Fort Detrick, Maryland, 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