{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:13:12Z","timestamp":1790273592260,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014684","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000}}],"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gut epithelium serves as a critical barrier against\n                      <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      larval invasion, parasite-derived galectins are involved in host\u2013parasite interactions, including invasion and immune modulation. This study investigated the role of\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin (Tsgal) in gut epithelial barrier disruption and larval invasion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recombinant Tsgal (rTsgal) was expressed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its interaction with intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) was ascertained using immunofluorescence test (IFT) and confocal microscopy. The rTsgal-specific binding IEC proteins were identified by GST pull-down, mass spectrometry (MS) and Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. Intestinal epithelial integrity damage induced by rTsgal was evaluated by IFT, qPCR and Western blotting analysis. The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      larva invasive assay was also conducted. The results showed that rTsgal bound and interacted specifically with MUC13 receptor in Caco-2 cells. rTsgal activated MUC13-ROCK2\/MAPK pathway, reduced the expression of gut epithelial tight junctions (TJs; ZO-1, E-cad, Occludin and Claudin-1), increased gut epithelial permeability, disrupted gut epithelial integrity and barrier functions, thereby facilitated larva invasion of Caco-2 monolayers. Moreover, MUC13 receptor inhibitor (Cuc D), MUC13 knockdown of Caco-2 cells, ROCK2 inhibitor (KD025) and p38-MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) suppressed this pathway activation, restored gut epithelial integrity, and impeded larval invasion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tsgal disrupted gut epithelial integrity and mediated larval invasion through binding to MUC13 receptor and activating ROCK2\/MAPK pathway. Tsgal might be a potential target molecule for development of novel drugs and vaccines to block\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:00:16Z","timestamp":1790013616000},"page":"e0014684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trichinella spiralis galectin disrupts gut epithelial integrity and mediates larval invasion via acting MUC13- ROCK2\/MAPK pathway"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"],"department":["Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical 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China"],"department":["Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao Rong","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"],"department":["Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"],"department":["Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science, Putian University, Key Laboratory of Translational Tumor Medicine in Fujian Province","place":["Putian, 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