{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:08:06Z","timestamp":1789063686109,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI068932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI068932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI139525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI139525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI063969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI063969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001246","name":"Ambrose Monell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRP D42017, Agreement Number 26225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP D42017, Agreement Number 26225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tsetse flies (\n                    <jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) transmit African trypanosomes, the causative agents of human African and African animal trypanosomiases (HAT and AAT, respectively). These neglected tropical diseases impose significant public health and economic burdens across sub-Saharan Africa. Trypanosome transmission by tsetse flies is influenced by multiple factors, including host genetic background, ecological factors, and interactions with heritable microbial endosymbionts.\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma glossinidia<\/jats:italic>\n                    has recently emerged as an important modulator of tsetse reproductive fitness and vector competence, making it a potential target for symbiont-based vector control strategies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the tsetse-\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    symbiosis. We detail\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma\u2019s<\/jats:italic>\n                    spatial and temporal infection dynamics in laboratory-reared and natural populations. Additionally, we highlight key aspects of the bacterium\u2019s genomics, phylogenetics, and physiological interactions with its tsetse host, including influences on host gene expression reproductive physiology, and vector competence. Finally, we discuss how the tsetse\u2013\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    symbiosis could be harnessed to develop innovative, biological-based vector control and trypanosome transmission-blocking strategies, and we identify critical gaps that must be addressed to translate these findings into effective disease control interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:30:56Z","timestamp":1789061456000},"page":"e0014698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Friends or foes: Unraveling the tsetse fly-Spiroplasma symbiosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Serap","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1576-3556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian L.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Bruzzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Gst\u00f6ttenmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories","place":["Gulu, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Fiorenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"],"department":["Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Piccinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"],"department":["Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rodolfa","family":"Malacrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"],"department":["Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adly M. 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