{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:08:33Z","timestamp":1789668513572,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00240627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00240627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI22C0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C0820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02309009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02309009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-RISE-10-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-10-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["225844\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225844\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection induces extensive remodeling of host erythrocytes through parasite-exported proteins that interact with host cell components\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Among these, tryptophan-rich antigens (TRAgs) are conserved across\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and have been proposed as vaccine candidates, but their molecular functions remain largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                    tryptophan-rich antigen 40.1 (PkTRAg40.1) to investigate its localization, biochemical properties, host interactions, and immunogenicity. Recombinant PkTRAg40.1 showed no detectable binding to intact human erythrocytes in flow cytometry-based binding assays. Biochemical characterization demonstrated that native PkTRAg40.1 was predominantly associated with detergent-resistant insoluble fractions and was detected as multiple higher-molecular-weight forms. Protease protection assays further showed that native PkTRAg40.1 was accessible to protease under the experimental conditions tested. Consistent with these observations, immunofluorescence assays revealed that PkTRAg40.1 colocalized with skeleton-binding protein 1 (PkSBP1), supporting its localization to Sinton and Mulligan\u2019s clefts (SMCs), parasite-derived membranous structures. Pull-down assays and MALDI-TOF\/MS identified spectrin alpha as a host binding partner, and biolayer interferometry confirmed its specific interaction with the spectrin alpha \u03b112\u201316 fragment (K\n                    <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.71\u2009\u00b1\u20090.62 \u03bcM). Serological analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                    patient samples revealed that PkTRAg40.1 is immunogenic, exhibiting 50% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity, and also displayed cross-reactivity with sera from\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected patients. Collectively, these findings identify PkTRAg40.1 as a TRAg associated with parasite-derived membranous structures that interacts with the host erythrocyte cytoskeleton, thereby expanding current understanding of the molecular functions of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    TRAgs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:36:56Z","timestamp":1789666616000},"page":"e0014700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasmodium knowlesi tryptophan-rich antigen 40.1 binds human erythrocyte spectrin alpha"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wang-Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]},{"name":"Universitas Diponegoro","place":["Semarang, Indonesia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadhila","family":"Fitriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadidan Hada","family":"Syahada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnsy Mary","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Young","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Mazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]},{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research","place":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"department":["Department of Parasitic Diseases and Vector Control"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojong","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]},{"name":"Universitas Diponegoro","place":["Semarang, Indonesia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauzi","family":"Muh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Diponegoro","place":["Semarang, Indonesia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"],"department":["Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Ho","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inha University School of Medicine","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University Hospital","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghun","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University Hospital","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanjoo","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Physiology, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Ling","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaya","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"department":["Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Taek","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0836-6675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine"]},{"name":"Universitas Diponegoro","place":["Semarang, Indonesia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health"]},{"name":"Kangwon National University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Institute of Medical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014700.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcit.2026.100076","article-title":"World malaria report 2025: Growing biological threats, shrinking 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