{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:07:05Z","timestamp":1789499225649,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014710","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000}}],"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010573","name":"Stichting Dioraphte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21030402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21030402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FL210100071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL210100071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease characterized by mutilating tumorous lesions in the subcutaneous tissue. The causative agents are found embedded in granules called grains. Mycetoma is either caused by bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma). To initiate the appropriate treatment, it is important to identify the causative agent rapidly and molecular identification for eumycetoma revolutionized the time to identification. For actinomycetoma this was not possible yet. Here we developed a multiplex qPCR identification scheme for the most common causative agents of actinomycetoma in Africa. Whole genome sequencing was used to identify species-specific gene families for\n                    <jats:italic>Actinomadura madurae, Actinomadura pelletieri, Streptomyces somaliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces sudanensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . qPCR primers and probes were developed on these species and validated against DNA isolated from mycetoma strains and grains. Each probe was unique with no cross-reactivity with other tested species. The limit of detection ranged from 0.000013 to 0.00067 ng bacterial DNA. When the qPCRs were validated against 28 grain samples, all fungal grains remained negative and 11 out of 12\n                    <jats:italic>Actinomadura<\/jats:italic>\n                    grains were correctly identified. This resulted in a sensitivity of 85.7% for the\n                    <jats:italic>A. pelletieri<\/jats:italic>\n                    probe and a specificity of 100%. For the\n                    <jats:italic>A. madurae<\/jats:italic>\n                    probe, a sensitivity and specificity of 100% was obtained. The actinomycetoma qPCR developed in this study can be used to identify the most common causative agents of actinomycetoma in Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:57:25Z","timestamp":1788890245000},"page":"e0014710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A qPCR identification scheme to detect the most common causative agents of actinomycetoma in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University","place":["Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Bakhiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ErasmusMC","place":["Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"]},{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"]},{"name":"The Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel E.","family":"Siddig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ErasmusMC","place":["Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"]},{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"]},{"name":"University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"],"department":["Faculty of Medical laboratory Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole Pab","family":"Minlekib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les maladies Tropicales N\u00e9glig\u00e9es, UFR Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger","place":["Saint-Louis, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rihab","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ErasmusMC","place":["Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"]},{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"]},{"name":"University of Dongola","place":["Dongola, Sudan"],"department":["Department of medical microbiology and parasitology, faculty of Medical Laboratory sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willemien","family":"Zandijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ErasmusMC","place":["Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mickey","family":"Konings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ErasmusMC","place":["Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maguette","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les maladies Tropicales N\u00e9glig\u00e9es, UFR Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger","place":["Saint-Louis, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mickiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University","place":["Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatehmeh","family":"Mazraati Tajabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine and Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doudou","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les maladies Tropicales N\u00e9glig\u00e9es, UFR Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger","place":["Saint-Louis, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Errington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum","place":["Khartoum, Sudan"]},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine and Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-8783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy W. 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An updated list of actinomycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response. Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"pntd.0014710.ref009","unstructured":"Mohammed R, Watson AK, Konings M, Siddig EE, Fahal AH, Bonifaz A. Potential clinical implications due to essential differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profile of actinomycetoma causing Actinomadura, Nocardia and Streptomyces species towards commonly used anti-actinomycetoma drugs."},{"key":"pntd.0014710.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Target product profile for a rapid test for diagnosis of mycetoma at primary health-care level.","volume-title":"Diseases","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014710.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4040122","article-title":"The diagnosis of fungal neglected tropical diseases (Fungal NTDs) and the role of investigation and laboratory tests: an expert consensus report","volume":"4","author":"R Hay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014710.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13561","article-title":"Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests","volume":"66","author":"EE Siddig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0014710.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007056","article-title":"The accuracy of histopathological and cytopathological techniques in the identification of the mycetoma causative agents","volume":"13","author":"EE Siddig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014710.ref014","unstructured":"Bakhiet SM, Siddig EE, Minlekib CP, Mohammed R, Zandijk WHA, Watson AK. 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