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Forest degradation, increasing cattle density, and climate-driven shifts in the fly\u2019s distribution\u2014particularly its recolonization of regions it historically occupied\u2014are converging to expose critical gaps in preparedness and cross-sector coordination. In this review, we examine the drivers of screwworm re\u2011emergence and present current clinical and epidemiological evidence of human infection, highlighting ongoing barriers to detection and response. Building on lessons from recent zoonotic health emergencies, we propose actionable One Health recommendations aimed at tackling the re-emergence of screwworm. An effective response will require sustained political commitment and coordinated cross-border collaboration to prevent further spread, protect vulnerable populations, and ensure that this myiasis is prioritized, ending the neglect of this tropical disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:49:48Z","timestamp":1790012988000},"page":"e0014727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Of cattle and humans: A narrative review on the re-emergence of the New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and its threat to human health"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-1275","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Frias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China"],"department":["JCC Research Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice"]},{"name":"City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China"],"department":["Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Guerrero-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China"],"department":["JCC Research Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk U.","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China"],"department":["JCC Research Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice"]},{"name":"City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China"],"department":["Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences"]},{"name":"Royal Veterinary College","place":["London, England, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014727.ref001","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n Panam\u00e1\u2013Estados Unidos para la Erradicaci\u00f3n y Prevenci\u00f3n del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado (COPEG). 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