{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:58:20Z","timestamp":1790791100146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Given the grave risk posed by intestinal cryptosporidiosis to vulnerable populations, the current research focused on a new therapeutic avenue. Olibanum (OL) extract and probiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus clausii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>B. clausii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and their combination were evaluated against\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in immunosuppressed mice via parasitological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) analysis of OL revealed the predominance of incensole isomers in its chemical composition. Regarding oocyst count in stool, the highest percentage of oocyst reduction was achieved after combined therapy (98.4%) on the 19\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    day post-infection, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>B. clausii-<\/jats:italic>\n                    treated group (87.6%), then the OL-treated group (87%). Similar ultrastructural alterations were noticed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following treatment by both OL and\n                    <jats:italic>B. clausii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , ranging from shrunken oocysts to severely deformed ones with extensive pits or protrusions. Nonetheless, their combination resulted in complete distortion of the oocysts, leading to their rupture. Biochemically, both OL and\n                    <jats:italic>B. clausii<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment, either alone or in combination, provoked a decrease in the serum MDA levels, together with a corresponding rise in the mean levels of GSH. Concerning the histopathological findings, the best results were achieved following the combined OL and\n                    <jats:italic>B. clausii<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment, which has restored villus architecture and remarkably ameliorated detrimental intestinal inflammation and goblet cell count. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of the lymphocytic population of the intestinal villi revealed a statistically significant rise in the CD4+\u2009\/CD8+\u2009ratio after treatment with either OL,\n                    <jats:italic>B. clausii<\/jats:italic>\n                    or their combination, which signals their proficient use for this therapeutic endeavour.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:29:41Z","timestamp":1790789381000},"page":"e0014734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling the synergistic potential of Olibanum extract and Bacillus clausii in combating intestinal cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-3193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fadwa M.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University","place":["Alexandria, Egypt"],"department":["Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University","place":["Alexandria, Egypt"],"department":["Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University","place":["Alexandria, Egypt"],"department":["Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Sheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University","place":["Alexandria, Egypt"],"department":["Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehal N.","family":"Hezema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University","place":["Alexandria, Egypt"],"department":["Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10063","key":"pntd.0014734.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"L Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014734.ref002","article-title":"Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites","volume":"16","author":"K Koutsoumanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014734.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study","volume":"6","author":"IA Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014734.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"W Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014734.ref005","first-page":"814","article-title":"Frequency of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic and captive wild animals in the north of Veracruz, Mexico","volume":"43","author":"MA Alarc\u00f3n-Zapata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014734.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.01.002","article-title":"A hundred-year retrospective on cryptosporidiosis","volume":"24","author":"S Tzipori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0014734.ref007","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia - a 50 year perspective (1971-2021","volume":"51","author":"UM Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"). 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