{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:11:00Z","timestamp":1789755060726,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Why revisit our understanding of relapsing fever and their causative spirochaetes?<\/jats:bold>\n                    We have seen many existing paradigms of relapsing fever borreliosis challenged over recent years, largely facilitated through technological molecular biological improvements. Concepts that were believed for many years are now being questioned; from the origins of\n                    <jats:italic>B. recurrentis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the epidemic form of relapsing fever, through to the one-tick-one\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. Furthermore, the description of relapsing fever borreliae such as\n                    <jats:italic>B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmitted by hard tick species and increasing reports of new borrelial species have prompted a re-evaluation of existing knowledge. Within this narrative review, we overview existing knowledge of relapsing fever ecology, epidemiology, diagnostics, disease and prevention, and explore several research gaps worthy of further research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:43:16Z","timestamp":1789753396000},"page":"e0014737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relapsing fever revisited: New insights into neglected borrelial infections"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-0651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sally J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East London","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Infection & Immunity Research Group, School of Health, Sport & Bioscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014737.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000116","article-title":"Louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis infection)","volume":"147","author":"DA Warrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0014737.ref002","volume-title":"A symposium on relapsing fever in the Americas","author":"F Novy","year":"1942"},{"key":"pntd.0014737.ref003","article-title":"Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology","author":"TD Brock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Washington, D.C.: ASM Press"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014737.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02818.x","article-title":"Borrel\u2019s accidental legacy","volume":"15","author":"DJM Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2450","key":"pntd.0014737.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2450.1706","article-title":"The part played by Pediculus corporis in the transmission of relapsing fever","volume":"2","author":"FP Mackie","year":"1907","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"6749","key":"pntd.0014737.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr2147","article-title":"Ancient Borrelia genomes document the evolutionary history of louse-borne relapsing fever","volume":"388","author":"P Swali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0014737.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061471","article-title":"Mechanisms of evolution in Rickettsia conorii and R. prowazekii","volume":"293","author":"H Ogata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0014737.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305659101","article-title":"The louse-borne human pathogen Bartonella quintana is a genomic derivative of the zoonotic agent Bartonella henselae","volume":"101","author":"CM Alsmark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014737.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010198","article-title":"Vector interactions and molecular adaptations of Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes associated with transmission by ticks","volume":"8","author":"TG Schwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014737.ref010","first-page":"1259","article-title":"The nature of tick fever in the eastern part of the Congo Free State. 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