{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:54:37Z","timestamp":1790794477785,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014760","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000}}],"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31800002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005273","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202301AY070001-091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AY070001-091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005273","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202301AY070001-103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AY070001-103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program"},{"name":"Yunnan Talent Support Plan","award":["202505AS350006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202505AS350006"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038c3w259","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Yihua Chen Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province","award":["202605AF350038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202605AF350038"]}]},{"name":"Kunming Medical University Master's Student Innovation Fund","award":["2025S005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025S005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038c3w259","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Paragonimiasis, a food-borne zoonosis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., can cause severe pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. However, relationships among the host, parasite and lung microbiome at defined infection stages remain poorly understood. We compared independent groups of rats sampled at 14, 28 and 42 days post-infection (dpi), together with a separate group sampled after triclabendazole (TCBZ) treatment. Histopathological and molecular analyses were combined with multi-region (5R) 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fluorescence\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization (FISH). Groups sampled at later post-infection time points showed greater pulmonary inflammation and collagen deposition, with the highest values in Pp-42d; both outcomes were lower in Pp-TCBZ than in Pp-42d. Th1-, eosinophil-, Th2- and Treg- associated markers differed among experimental groups. TLR4\/NF-\u03baB -related protein expression and pulmonary microbial profiles also differed among groups including enrichment of taxa such as\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in infected animals. FISH detected bacterial signals within inflammatory lesions and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated signals spatially associated with parasite eggs. These repeated cross-sectional findings identify stage-associated differences in pulmonary pathology, immune markers and microbiota during\n                    <jats:italic>P. proliferus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, together with lower pathological measures in the Pp-TCBZ group than in the untreated Pp-42d group. The egg-associated bacterial signals warrant further investigation but do not establish a functional host-parasite-microbiome mechanism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:53:42Z","timestamp":1790358822000},"page":"e0014760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-specific remodeling of the pulmonary microenvironment during Paragonimus proliferus infection in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Danhong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, PR China"],"department":["Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical 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