{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:49:06Z","timestamp":1791571746519,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007920","name":"Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the impact of single versus mixed Schistosoma infections on the efficacy of PZQ treatment as well as on the dynamics of reinfection after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We followed 388 randomly selected residents of a village co\u2011endemic for\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , screening them for\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection every three weeks across a nine\u2011week period. Kato-Katz stool examination was used to detect eggs of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and urine filtration to detect eggs of\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . At every visit, those who were positive for schistosomiasis were treated with 40mg\/kg praziquantel. Treatment outcomes (cure rate (CR), egg reduction rate (ERR), cumulative cure rate (CCR) and cumulative egg reduction rate (CERR)) and reinfection rates were compared between age groups, sex and pre-treatment co-infection status using McNemar and Wilcoxon tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline infection prevalence was similar for\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      (60.8%) and\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (60.3%), with 36.6% of mixed\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Infection intensity was higher in mixed compared to single infection (200.7 versus 70 epg for\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; 29 versus 9.6 ep10mL for\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). After one praziquantel treatment, CR of 62.7% and 94.6%, with ERR of 97.5% and 96.5%, were found for\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. After 3 rounds of praziquantel treatment, CCR of 75% and 93.7%, with CERR of 95.6% and 97.5%, were recorded for\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. In addition, treatment efficacy was significantly higher in single than in mixed infections (CR\u2009=\u200976.7% versus 58%, p\u2009=\u20090.01; ERR\u2009=\u200990.2% versus 96.5%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; CCR\u2009=\u200976.7% versus 58%, p\u2009=\u20090.01; CERR\u2009=\u200990.2% versus 96.5%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and in older than in younger (&lt;16 years) age groups. No significant associations were found between (co-)infection status and reinfection rate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results show that pre-treatment co-infection status can affect schistosomiasis treatment outcomes for\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      but does not affect the post-treatment reinfection. These results could help in tailoring control activities in co-endemic areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:50:23Z","timestamp":1791568223000},"page":"e0014764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of praziquantel treatment and early reinfection patterns in a mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infection focus in the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2661-234X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joule Ntwan","family":"Madinga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale","place":["Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Kikwit","place":["Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clementine","family":"Roucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Linsuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale","place":["Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Baloji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine","place":["Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Hermy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Lutumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa","place":["Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Polman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014764.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume-title":"Digenetic Trematodes","author":"PT. 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