{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:56:29Z","timestamp":1792173389542,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1026692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["006210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ongoing Research Funding, King Saud University","award":["ORF-2026-1456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-1456"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a maternally-transmitted bacterial endosymbiont that is highly prevalent amongst arthropods. Many\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains induce pathogen blocking, thereby protecting their hosts from pathogenic microbial infections. Blocking against pathogenic bacteria occurs in\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes, where\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been artificially established by microinjection. However, in\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      fruit flies, it occurs after oral bacterial challenge but not after systemic challenge via injection. Pathogen blocking has been linked to increased host immune activity associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. This is similar in principle to immune priming, a memory immune response in insects, where sub-lethal exposure to a pathogen increases the ability to survive future infections.\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes naturally harbor\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; however, the extent to which native\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -mediated pathogen blocking and immune priming influence host response to infection remains unclear. Accordingly, we sought to characterize the response of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      to bacterial challenge, and to determine whether the combination of these microbes could hinder a subsequent infection with dengue virus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We challenged adult female\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      with and without their native\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection with a sub-lethal dose of four mosquito-associated bacteria:\n                      <jats:italic>Micrococcus, Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (gram positive),\n                      <jats:italic>Brevundimonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      (gram negative). Assessing post-challenge mortality, we observed that\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection reduced cumulative mortality and delayed the onset of senescence amongst mosquitoes challenged with each bacterium. However, this protective effect was stronger against gram positive bacteria. Bacteria-primed\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were then orally challenged with DENV. We observed that mosquitoes that experienced a pre-challenge with gram negative bacteria were associated with reduced DENV prevalence and viral load, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected mosquitoes exhibited further reductions in viral load.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We highlight novel characteristics of native\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes, with protection against bacterial-induced mortality, and interactions between pathogen blocking and bacterial priming that may depend on bacterial gram status. These findings provide insight into the immune interactions associated with native\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and build on our understanding of adaptive immunity in mosquitoes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:42:03Z","timestamp":1792172523000},"page":"e0014807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial immune priming and Wolbachia-mediated dengue blocking in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Alomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Vector Research Laboratory","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Plant Protection"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6931-7653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory","place":["Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology & Nematology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry W.","family":"Alto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory","place":["Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology & Nematology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-4549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric P.","family":"Caragata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory","place":["Vero Beach, Florida, United States of 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