{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:45:13Z","timestamp":1791917113785,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the primary urban vector of major human arboviruses worldwide, yet the spatial genetic structure and demographic history of Colombian populations remain incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed mitochondrial\n                    <jats:italic>cytochrome c oxidase<\/jats:italic>\n                    subunit I (COX1) sequences from Colombian populations sampled across a broad geographic and temporal range to evaluate genetic diversity, haplotype distribution, spatial-temporal structure, and mitochondrial demographic history. The dataset combined publicly available COX1 records with 394 newly generated sequences from Colombian specimens, yielding 717 entries from the Caribbean, Andean, Orinoco, and Amazonian regions of Colombia, and was analyzed using population genetic, ordination, constrained spatial, and demographic inference approaches. Colombian COX1 diversity was mainly structured into two broad mitochondrial genetic clusters rather than by sampling locality, department, or collection year, suggesting the persistence of maternal lineages together with spatial mixing likely influenced by human-mediated dispersal and urban adaptation. Human population density and built-up intensity partially explained mitochondrial genetic structure, but this association varied through time, indicating that urbanization interacts with regional demographic heterogeneity and local habitat configuration. Demographic history analyses suggested temporal variation in mitochondrial effective population size, including an older increase followed by reduction and relative stabilization toward recent generations, rather than continuous demographic expansion. Climate-associated analyses further suggested that temperature, particularly minimum temperature, may contribute to mitochondrial demographic variation, although this relationship should be interpreted as correlative. Overall, Colombian\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations appear to be shaped by historical maternal-lineage structure, urbanization-associated spatial heterogeneity, eco-regional demographic variation, and climatic context. This country-scale mitochondrial baseline can help prioritize regions for genomic, entomological, and epidemiological surveillance and guide future investigations of mosquito dispersal and population connectivity relevant to vector management in Colombia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:50:09Z","timestamp":1791913809000},"page":"e0014808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Country-scale diversity, spatial genetic structure, and mitochondrial demographic history of Aedes aegypti populations in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1069-9199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"G\u00f3mez-Palacio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Pedag\u00f3gica y Tecnol\u00f3gica de Colombia","place":["Tunja, Boyac\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica Evolutiva (LIGE)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johana","family":"Mar\u00edn-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Pedag\u00f3gica y Tecnol\u00f3gica de Colombia","place":["Tunja, Boyac\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Grupo de Estudios en Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (GEBIMOL)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Beltran-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Pedag\u00f3gica y Tecnol\u00f3gica de Colombia","place":["Tunja, Boyac\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica Evolutiva (LIGE)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Rosario","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda-UR (CIMBIUR), School of Sciences and Engineering"]},{"name":"Universidad de Boyac\u00e1","place":["Tunja, Colombia"],"department":["Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias B\u00e1sicas (N\u00daCLEO), Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimar","family":"Bri\u00f1ez-Zabaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Rosario","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda-UR (CIMBIUR), School of Sciences and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abelgie","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Rosario","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda-UR (CIMBIUR), School of Sciences and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Helena","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Rosario","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda-UR (CIMBIUR), School of Sciences and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Uribe-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia","place":["Medell\u00edn, Colombia"],"department":["Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular (GSM)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan David","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Rosario","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda-UR (CIMBIUR), School of Sciences and Engineering"]},{"name":"University of South Florida","place":["Tampa, Florida, United States of America"],"department":["Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, USF Genomics Program, Department of Global, Environmental and Genomic Health Sciences, College of Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100360","article-title":"Increased threat of urban arboviral diseases from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"RMG Ram\u00edrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"issue":"6766","key":"pntd.0014808.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads3732","article-title":"1206 genomes reveal origin and movement of Aedes aegypti driving increased dengue risk","volume":"389","author":"JE Crawford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref003","article-title":"Dating the origin and spread of specialization on human hosts in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"12","author":"NH Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref004","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) de Colombia. 2025 Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Semana 34. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/_layouts\/15\/DocIdRedir.aspx?ID=AVMXRNAJRR5T-1354320881-1105"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.002421","article-title":"INTRASPECIFIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHY: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics","volume":"18","author":"JC Avise","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1nzfgj7","volume-title":"Phylogeography. The history and formation of species","author":"J Avise","year":"2000"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avise JC. Gene Trees and Organismal Histories: A Phylogenetic Approach to Population Biology. 1989. pp. 1192\u2013208. Available: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2409356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02568.x"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref008","unstructured":"Hudson R. Gene genealogies and the coalescent process. Oxford Survey in Evolutionary Biology. 1991. pp. 1\u201344."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40936-0","article-title":"Global determinants of insect mitochondrial genetic diversity","volume":"14","author":"CM French","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2025.04.001","article-title":"Application of mitochondrial genomes to species identification and evolution","volume":"76","author":"B Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electron J Biotechnol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02305-9","article-title":"Revealing the demographic histories of species using DNA sequences","author":"BC Emerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.1.1.361","article-title":"Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation","volume":"1","author":"H Harpending","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)02026-7","article-title":"Intraspecific gene genealogies: Trees grafting into networks","volume":"16","author":"D Posada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref014","unstructured":"Rogers A. The theoretical mismatch distribution. Lecture Notes on Gene Genealogies. 2002. pp. 30\u201346."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014808.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/13.7.895","article-title":"Mitochondrial mismatch analysis is insensitive to the mutational process","volume":"13","author":"AR Rogers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014808.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/129.2.555","article-title":"Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations","volume":"129","author":"M Slatkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"0","key":"pntd.0014808.ref017","article-title":"Diferencias gen\u00e9ticas entre poblaciones de Aedes aegypti de municipios del norte de Colombia, con baja y alta incidencia de dengue","volume":"33","author":"SM Caldera","year":"2012","journal-title":"biomedica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01507-23","article-title":"Influence of dengue virus serotypes on the abundance of Aedes aegypti insect-specific viruses (ISVs)","volume":"98","author":"M G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0014808.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkae082","article-title":"Robustness in population-structure and demographic-inference results derived from the Aedes aegypti genotyping chip and whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"14","author":"A G\u00f3mez-Palacio","year":"2024","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602190","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.602190","article-title":"Identification of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) species and arboviruses circulating in Arauca, eastern Colombia","volume":"8","author":"D Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014808.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003553","article-title":"Spatio-temporal distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mitochondrial lineages in cities with distinct dengue incidence rates suggests complex population dynamics of the dengue vector in Colombia","volume":"9","author":"J Jaimes-Due\u00f1ez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200441","article-title":"Population structure and ancestry prediction of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) supports a single African origin of Colombian populations","volume":"116","author":"Y Monsalve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1462","key":"pntd.0014808.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1713","article-title":"DNA barcodes for biosecurity: invasive species identification","volume":"360","author":"KF Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1512","key":"pntd.0014808.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218","article-title":"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes","volume":"270","author":"PDN Hebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014808.ref025","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolic genes provide phylogeographic relationships of global collections of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"15","author":"HSD Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014808.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i0.3728","article-title":"Variabilidad gen\u00e9tica de Aedes aegypti en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia, mediante el an\u00e1lisis de la secuencia de nucle\u00f3tidos del gen mitocondrial ND4","volume":"38","author":"MC Atencia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref027","article-title":"First report of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the North of Colombia","volume":"65","author":"MC Atencia-Pineda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref028","article-title":"Cambios gen\u00e9ticos temporales y micro geogr\u00e1ficos de Aedes aegypti de Medell\u00edn, Colombia","volume":"35","author":"JM Cadavid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2022.102023","article-title":"Molecular detection and phylogenetic analyses of Arsenophonus endosymbiont in wild specimens of phlebotomine sand flies from Colombia","volume":"26","author":"D Duque Granda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Asia-Pac Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/260505","article-title":"Molecular typing with COI - DNA barcode of mosquitoes with medical importance from rural area of La Pintada, Antioquia, Colombia","author":"R Hoyos-L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014808.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/012004881504100212","article-title":"Dna barcode for typing of immature mosquitoes from Armenia and Circasia (Quind\u00edo, Colombia)","volume":"41","author":"R Hoyos-L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Entomolog\u00eda"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref032","article-title":"The landscape of dengue transmission and the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Vichada, Colombia","author":"AM Mejia-Jaramillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref033","article-title":"Molecular characterization of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Colombian rainforest","volume":"63","author":"AS Mu\u00f1oz-Gamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014808.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/012004881504100211","article-title":"Dna Barcode Sequences Used to Identify Aedes (Stegomyia) Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in la Tebaida (Quind\u00edo, Colombia)","volume":"41","author":"J Zamora-Delgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Entomolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.589.1.1","article-title":"Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with Dengue Virus Transmission","volume":"589","author":"LM Rueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014808.ref036","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7732","key":"pntd.0014808.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0692-z","article-title":"Improved reference genome of Aedes aegypti informs arbovirus vector control","volume":"563","author":"BJ Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014808.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014808.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp696","article-title":"pegas: an R package for population genetics with an integrated-modular approach","volume":"26","author":"E Paradis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0014808.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"E Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-009","article-title":"Simple features for R: Standardized support for spatial vector data","volume":"10","author":"E Pebesma","year":"2018","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429459016","author":"E Pebesma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref044","unstructured":"Akima H, Gebhardt A. Akima: Interpolation of irregularly and regularly spaced data. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=akima"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","article-title":"Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies","volume":"16","author":"HJ Bandelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014808.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003728","article-title":"Phylogenetic star contraction applied to Asian and Papuan mtDNA evolution","volume":"18","author":"P Forster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6377(02)00185-2","article-title":"On Steiner trees and minimum spanning trees in hypergraphs","volume":"31","author":"T Polzin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oper Res Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014808.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"M Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref049","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Simpson GL, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR. vegan: Community Ecology Package. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/vegan\/index.html"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref050","unstructured":"Hijmans RJ. geosphere: Spherical Trigonometry. 2026. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=geosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014808.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003537","article-title":"BEAST 2: A software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis","volume":"10","author":"R Bouckaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/GCE.2010.5676129","article-title":"Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees","volume-title":"2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)","author":"MA Miller","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0014808.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694","article-title":"Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"22","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0014808.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6491","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.14.6491","article-title":"Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution","volume":"91","author":"AV Brower","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0014808.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11101172","article-title":"Inferring evolutionary timescales without independent timing information: An Assessment of \u201cUniversal\u201d Insect Rates to Calibrate a Collembola (Hexapoda) Molecular Clock","volume":"11","author":"AD Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0014808.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq051","article-title":"Revisiting the insect mitochondrial molecular clock: the mid-Aegean trench calibration","volume":"27","author":"A Papadopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014808.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","article-title":"Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7","volume":"67","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014808.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: new 1\u2010km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"SE Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intl J Climatol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref060","unstructured":"Hijmans RJ, Brown A, Barbosa M. terra: Spatial Data Analysis. 2026. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=terra"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014808.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72748","article-title":"Morphological and genetic heterogeneity in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations across diverse landscapes in West Africa","volume":"15","author":"E Agboli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06312-7","article-title":"Genetic variability of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in El Salvador and Honduras: Presence of a widespread haplotype and implications for mosquito control","volume":"17","author":"AL Joyce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0014808.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002175","article-title":"Dual African origins of global Aedes aegypti s.l. populations revealed by mitochondrial DNA","volume":"7","author":"M Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0014808.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03929.x","article-title":"The limits of mtDNA phylogeography: Complex patterns of population history in a highly structured Iberian lizard are only revealed by the use of nuclear markers","volume":"17","author":"R Godinho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0014808.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03737.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA under siege in avian phylogeography","volume":"17","author":"RM Zink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0014808.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4049-6","article-title":"Vector competence analysis of two Aedes aegypti lineages from Bello, Colombia, reveals that they are affected similarly by dengue-2 virus infection","volume":"164","author":"LS P\u00e9rez-Restrepo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000634","article-title":"Influence of Urban Landscapes on Population Dynamics in a Short-Distance Migrant Mosquito: Evidence for the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti","volume":"4","author":"RR Hemme","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242173","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1242173","article-title":"The effect of temperature on dengue virus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"13","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0014808.ref069","first-page":"100746","article-title":"The 2023 Latin America report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: The imperative for health-centred climate-resilient development","volume":"33","author":"SM Hartinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0014808.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051249","article-title":"Arbovirus transmission predictions are affected by both temperature data source and modeling methodologies across cities in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"VH Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0014808.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121105","article-title":"Investigating the effects of microclimate on arboviral kinetics in Aedes aegypti","volume":"13","author":"EA Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014808","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:50:19Z","timestamp":1791913819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014808"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Opiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulu University Faculty of Science","place":["UGANDA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}}}