{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:50:09Z","timestamp":1791089409075,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]],"date-time":"2007-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1176249600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]],"date-time":"2007-04-10T18:04:54Z","timestamp":1176228294000},"page":"e362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Haplotype Association between Haptoglobin (Hp2) and Hp Promoter SNP (A-61C) May Explain Previous Controversy of Haptoglobin and Malaria Protection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidi V.","family":"Nweneka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.C.","family":"Fulford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Ghattas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk A.","family":"Rockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic P.","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/35051594","article-title":"Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor.","volume":"409","author":"M Kristiansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20050273","article-title":"Iron and infection: effects of host iron status and the iron-regulatory genes haptoglobin and NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) on host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis and HIV.","volume":"110","author":"JM McDermid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199809000-00010","article-title":"Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection.","volume":"12","author":"JR Delanghe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1159\/000022944","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotypes in HIV-1-seropositive patients in Ghana: decreased risk for Hp0 individuals.","volume":"50","author":"IK Quaye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200305010-00011","article-title":"Iron, haptoglobin phenotype, and HIV-1 viral load: a cross-sectional study among pregnant Zimbabwean women.","volume":"33","author":"H Friis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X86356","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotype appears to affect the pathogenesis of American trypanosomiasis.","volume":"100","author":"DR Calderoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000156653.05853.b9","article-title":"Haptoglobin genotype- and diabetes-dependent differences in iron-mediated oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"96","author":"R Asleh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000076889.23082.F1","article-title":"Genetically determined heterogeneity in hemoglobin scavenging and susceptibility to diabetic cardiovascular disease.","volume":"92","author":"R Asleh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.13.90","article-title":"Haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Ghana.","volume":"13","author":"IK Quaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.9.2103","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotype and gestational diabetes.","volume":"27","author":"S Mustafa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000153596","article-title":"Genetic markers and malaria. Observations in Gujarat, India.","volume":"36","author":"IP Singh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)91025-2","article-title":"Association of the haptoglobin phenotype (1-1) with falciparum malaria in Sudan.","volume":"92","author":"AA Elagib","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.10.016","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotypes and malaria infection in pregnant women at delivery in western Cameroon.","volume":"90","author":"JT Minang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90114-8","article-title":"Haptoglobin genotypes are not associated with resistance to severe malaria in The Gambia.","volume":"96","author":"C Aucan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01444.x","article-title":"Limited influence of haptoglobin genotypes on severe malaria in Ghanaian children.","volume":"10","author":"U Bienzle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(96)06468-6","article-title":"Analysis of the affinity of each haptoglobin polymer for hemoglobin by two-dimensional affinity electrophoresis.","volume":"258","author":"T Okazaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.10.2012","article-title":"Difference in hemoglobin-binding ability of polymers among haptoglobin phenotypes.","volume":"43","author":"T Okazaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.10.1589","article-title":"Biological and clinical significance of haptoglobin polymorphism in humans.","volume":"42","author":"MR Langlois","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.3.606","article-title":"Effect of haptoglobin on the metabolism of vitamin C.","volume":"66","author":"MR Langlois","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.10.1619","article-title":"The haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype affects serum markers of iron status in healthy males.","volume":"46","author":"MR Langlois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.965","article-title":"Haptoglobin levels are associated with haptoglobin genotype and alpha+ -Thalassemia in a malaria-endemic area.","volume":"74","author":"H Imrie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.26","article-title":"Association of haptoglobin levels with age, parasite density, and haptoglobin genotype in a malaria-endemic area of Gabon.","volume":"74","author":"FJ Fowkes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01569.x","article-title":"Haptoglobin directly affects T cells and suppresses T helper cell type 2 cytokine release.","volume":"108","author":"M Arredouani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Haptoglobin genotype modulates the balance of Th1\/Th2 cytokines produced by macrophages exposed to free hemoglobin.","author":"J Guetta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000109414.78907.F9","article-title":"Hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 mediates interleukin-10 release and heme oxygenase-1 synthesis: antiinflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses in vitro, in resolving skin blisters in vivo, and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.","volume":"94","author":"P Philippidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"199","article-title":"Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in bone marrow and peripheral blood is associated with haptoglobin type. Binding of haptoglobin to the B-cell lectin CD22.","volume":"35","author":"M Langlois","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.7.2542","article-title":"Identification of haptoglobin as an alternative ligand for CD11b\/CD18.","volume":"156","author":"SM El Ghmati","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.07.007","article-title":"Human serum haptoglobin is toxic to Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.","volume":"133","author":"H Imrie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1179\/135100001101536508","article-title":"Haptoglobin and malaria.","volume":"6","author":"NH Hunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90316-3","article-title":"Haptoglobin polymorphism and its relationship to malaria infections in The Gambia.","volume":"75","author":"PF Boreham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90186-9","article-title":"Hypohaptoglobinaemia as an epidemiological and clinical indicator for malaria. Results of two studies in a hyperendemic region in West Africa.","volume":"2","author":"A Rougemont","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114920","article-title":"Ahaptoglobinemia in African populations and its relation to malaria endemicity.","volume":"127","author":"JF Trape","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90053-7","article-title":"Malaria, cause of ahaptoglobinaemia in Africans.","volume":"79","author":"JF Trape","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1086\/301701","article-title":"The haptoglobin-gene deletion responsible for anhaptoglobinemia.","volume":"62","author":"Y Koda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2003.00149.x","article-title":"A-61C and C-101G Hp gene promoter polymorphisms are, respectively, associated with ahaptoglobinaemia and hypohaptoglobinaemia in Ghana.","volume":"64","author":"K Teye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215","article-title":"A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells.","volume":"16","author":"SA Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1377","article-title":"Genotyping of the common haptoglobin Hp 1\/2 polymorphism based on PCR.","volume":"48","author":"W Koch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.022442","article-title":"Haptoglobin gene subtyping by restriction enzyme analysis.","volume":"49","author":"W Koch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.4.1138.004k27_1138_1143","article-title":"Simple PCR detection of haptoglobin gene deletion in anhaptoglobinemic patients with antihaptoglobin antibody that causes anaphylactic transfusion reactions.","volume":"95","author":"Y Koda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(87)90048-6","article-title":"A single nucleotide base transition is the basis of the common human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant A (+).","volume":"1","author":"T Takizawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"SNPHAP: a program for estimating frequencies of large haplotypes of SNPs (Version 1.0). 1.0 ed","author":"D Clayton"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2006.0029","article-title":"Haptoglobin gene promoter polymorphism and haplotypes are unique in different populations.","volume":"78","author":"K Teye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90281-5","article-title":"Haptoglobin 1-1 is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.","volume":"94","author":"IK Quaye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"173","article-title":"Haptoglobin genotyping by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification.","volume":"52","author":"A Yano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1086\/511868","article-title":"The haptoglobin 2-2 genotype is associated with a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the coast of Kenya.","volume":"44","author":"SH Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"974","article-title":"A base substitution in the promoter associated with the human haptoglobin 2-1 modified phenotype decreases transcriptional activity and responsiveness to interleukin-6 in human hepatoma cells.","volume":"52","author":"DJ Grant","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020128","article-title":"An immune basis for malaria protection by the sickle cell trait.","volume":"2","author":"TN Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90495-6","article-title":"Anti-sporozoite antibodies and immunity to malaria in a rural Gambian population.","volume":"82","author":"K Marsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1086\/429832","article-title":"The Sickle Cell Trait Is Associated with Enhanced Immunoglobulin G Antibody Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Variant Surface Antigens.","volume":"191","author":"G Cabrera","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1086\/430744","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and the risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and other childhood diseases.","volume":"192","author":"TN Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3820","article-title":"Enhanced phagocytosis of ring-parasitized mutant erythrocytes: a common mechanism that may explain protection against falciparum malaria in sickle trait and beta-thalassemia trait.","volume":"104","author":"K Ayi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.05.007","article-title":"Red blood cell defects and malaria.","volume":"149","author":"TN Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"158","article-title":"DNA polymorphisms in the controlling region of the human haptoglobin genes: a molecular explanation for the haptoglobin 2-1 modified phenotype.","volume":"49","author":"N Maeda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1683805780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000362"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Katrina","family":"Gwinn-Hardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000362","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]}}}