{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:39:50Z","timestamp":1791308390488,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]],"date-time":"2007-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182902400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]],"date-time":"2007-06-26T16:00:44Z","timestamp":1182873644000},"page":"e541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Zinc or Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Diarrhea and Respiratory Disease in South African Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00156832","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Kany-Kany Angelique","family":"Luabeya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nontobeko","family":"Mpontshane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malanie","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honorine","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Elson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meera","family":"Chhagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tomkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Van den","family":"Broeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Bennish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Vitamin&mineral deficiency. A global progress report The Micronutrient Initiative.","journal-title":"Vitamin&mineral deficiency. A global progress report The Micronutrient Initiative."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005816","article-title":"The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999.","volume":"8","author":"D Labadarios","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v28i4.1002","article-title":"Dietary intake of pregnant women and their infants in a poor black South African community.","volume":"28","author":"D Mostert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curationis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073054","article-title":"Zinc and the risk for infectious disease.","volume":"24","author":"C Fischer Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Technical updates of the guidelines on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): evidence and recommendations for further adaptations World Health Organization.","journal-title":"Technical updates of the guidelines on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): evidence and recommendations for further adaptations World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70086-7","article-title":"Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group.","volume":"135","author":"ZA Bhutta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02348-5","article-title":"Zinc supplementation and stunted infants in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"355","author":"M Umeta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7302.1567","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on malaria and other causes of morbidity in west African children: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.","volume":"322","author":"O Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"The state of the world's children UNICEF.","journal-title":"The state of the world's children UNICEF."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"National HIV and syphilis prevalence survey South Africa 2005 South Africa Department of Health.","journal-title":"National HIV and syphilis prevalence survey South Africa 2005 South Africa Department of Health."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.3.532","article-title":"Growth of children according to maternal and child HIV, immunological and disease characteristics: a prospective cohort study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.","volume":"28","author":"RC Bailey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"A profile of KwaZulu-Natal: demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment Provide Project.","journal-title":"A profile of KwaZulu-Natal: demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment Provide Project."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03306.x","article-title":"Breastfeeding practices in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural South Africa.","volume":"91","author":"RM Bland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004685","article-title":"Complementary foods consumed by 6-12-month-old rural infants in South Africa are inadequate in micronutrients.","volume":"8","author":"M Faber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.3.607","article-title":"Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles.","volume":"32","author":"PV Hamill","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265030243S103","article-title":"The foodLET vehicle designed for and used in the IRIS I intervention.","volume":"24","author":"G Lock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/50.2.82","article-title":"Local beliefs about childhood diarrhoea: importance for healthcare and research.","volume":"50","author":"S Kauchali","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Statistics with confidence. Confidence intervals and statistical guidelines.","author":"MJ Gardner","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(99)00014-8","article-title":"Detecting selection bias in randomized clinical trials.","volume":"20","author":"VW Berger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.6.808","article-title":"Impact of zinc supplementation on morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections among rural Guatemalan children.","volume":"99","author":"MT Ruel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4150","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.12.4150","article-title":"Simultaneous weekly supplementation of iron and zinc is associated with lower morbidity due to diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection in Bangladeshi infants.","volume":"133","author":"AH Baqui","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.4.514","article-title":"Zinc supplementation increases growth and circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in growth-retarded Vietnamese children.","volume":"63","author":"NX Ninh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600509","article-title":"Zinc supplementation: effects on the growth and morbidity of undernourished Jamaican children.","volume":"52","author":"J Meeks Gardner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600734","article-title":"Impact of zinc supplementation on subsequent growth and morbidity in Bangladeshi children with acute diarrhoea.","volume":"53","author":"SK Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.6.1327","article-title":"Impact of zinc supplementation on diarrheal morbidity and growth pattern of low birth weight infants in kolkata, India: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, community-based study.","volume":"112","author":"D Sur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.83.3.693","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico.","volume":"83","author":"KZ Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.413","article-title":"Efficacy of zinc supplementation in reducing the incidence and prevalence of acute diarrhea\u2013a community-based, double-blind, controlled trial.","volume":"66","author":"S Sazawal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.457","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of the effect of daily supplementation with zinc or multiple micronutrients on the morbidity, growth, and micronutrient status of young Peruvian children.","volume":"79","author":"ME Penny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.1.13","article-title":"Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers.","volume":"65","author":"JL Rosado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00505.x","article-title":"Prospective validation of a standardized questionnaire for estimating childhood mortality and morbidity due to pneumonia and diarrhoea.","volume":"5","author":"C Coldham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.653S","article-title":"Efficacy of a foodlet-based multiple micronutrient supplement for preventing growth faltering, anemia, and micronutrient deficiency of infants: the four country IRIS trial pooled data analysis.","volume":"135","author":"CM Smuts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500070078033","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality. A meta-analysis.","volume":"269","author":"WW Fawzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and child morbidity and mortality in developing countries United Nations University Press.","journal-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and child morbidity and mortality in developing countries United Nations University Press."},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Regulations relating to the fortification of certain foodstuffs Ministry of Health South Africa.","journal-title":"Regulations relating to the fortification of certain foodstuffs Ministry of Health South Africa."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.637","article-title":"Longitudinal measurements of zinc absorption in Peruvian children consuming wheat products fortified with iron only or iron and 1 of 2 amounts of zinc.","volume":"81","author":"DL de Romana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.5.1032","article-title":"Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants.","volume":"82","author":"M Faber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67963-4","article-title":"Effect of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on preschool child mortality in southern Nepal: community-based, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"367","author":"JM Tielsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.646S","article-title":"Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants.","volume":"135","author":"G Lopez de Romana","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.639S","article-title":"Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"135","author":"J Untoro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.653S","article-title":"Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants.","volume":"135","author":"CM Smuts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67756-2","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of zinc supplementation for children with HIV-1 infection in South Africa: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"366","author":"R Bobat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.6.340","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in the management of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Lesotho. I: mortality and morbidity.","volume":"49","author":"B Makonnen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60452-8","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on mortality in children aged 1\u201348 months: a community-based randomised placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"369","author":"S Sazawal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01738.x","article-title":"Rates and causes of child mortality in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural South Africa.","volume":"11","author":"A Garrib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:48:38Z","timestamp":1588963718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000541"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Belizan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]]}}}