{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:38:01Z","timestamp":1791315481783,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,12]],"date-time":"2007-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1189555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,11]],"date-time":"2007-09-11T22:43:27Z","timestamp":1189550607000},"page":"e883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":343,"title":["Self-Referential Cognition and Empathy in Autism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Michael V.","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally J.","family":"Wheelwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Baron-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbance of affective contact.","volume":"2","author":"L Kanner","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nerv Child"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Autism: Explaining the enigma.","author":"U Frith","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01318-2","article-title":"Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style?","volume":"3","author":"F Happe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x","article-title":"Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.","volume":"37","author":"BF Pennington","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4635.001.0001","article-title":"Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind.","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.6.698","article-title":"Reading affect in the face and voice: neural correlates of interpreting communicative intent in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"64","author":"AT Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.","author":"PS Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.036","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of relatively enhanced local visual search in autistic adolescents.","volume":"35","author":"ZM Manjaly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.7.1305","article-title":"Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: a functional MRI study of embedded figures task performance.","volume":"122 ( Pt 7)","author":"HA Ring","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl006","article-title":"Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: evidence from an FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry.","volume":"17","author":"MA Just","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.004","article-title":"Inhibitory Control in High-Functioning Autism: Decreased Activation and Underconnectivity in Inhibition Networks.","volume":"62","author":"RK Kana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh199","article-title":"Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity.","volume":"127","author":"MA Just","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.001","article-title":"Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection.","volume":"15","author":"E Courchesne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.11.012","article-title":"Resting State Cortical Connectivity Reflected in EEG Coherence in Individuals With Autism.","volume":"62","author":"M Murias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.028","article-title":"Functional disconnectivity of the medial temporal lobe in Asperger&apos;s syndrome.","volume":"57","author":"DE Welchew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700027367","article-title":"Sampling the form of inner experience in three adults with Asperger syndrome.","volume":"24","author":"RT Hurlburt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00417","article-title":"On developing self-concepts: a controlled study of children and adolescents with autism.","volume":"39","author":"A Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1422","article-title":"A lack of self-consciousness in autism.","volume":"159","author":"M Toichi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022613.41399.14","article-title":"Brief report: cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives.","volume":"34","author":"E Hill","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"vii","article-title":"Foundations for self-awareness: An exploration through autism.","volume":"71","author":"PR Hobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172094","article-title":"I, you, me, and autism: an experimental study.","volume":"24","author":"A Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3109\/13682828909011954","article-title":"An experimental comparison of the understanding and use of speaker-addressee personal pronouns in autistic children.","volume":"24","author":"RR Jordan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Disord Commun"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531663","article-title":"Joint attention and language in autism and developmental language delay.","volume":"16","author":"KA Loveland","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.4.638","article-title":"Self-focused attention and negative affect: a meta-analysis.","volume":"128","author":"N Mor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.9.677","article-title":"Self-reference and the encoding of personal information.","volume":"35","author":"TB Rogers","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.3.371","article-title":"The self-reference effect in memory: a meta-analysis.","volume":"121","author":"CS Symons","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.3.452","article-title":"Self-consciousness and the processing of self-relevant information.","volume":"54","author":"JG Hull","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.115.1.26","article-title":"Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory.","volume":"115","author":"SB Klein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.1.5","article-title":"The nature of self-referent encoding: The contributions of elaborative and organizational processes.","volume":"55","author":"SB Klein","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00492.x","article-title":"When the social mirror breaks: deficits in automatic, but not voluntary, mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism.","volume":"9","author":"DN McIntosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115455","article-title":"Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism.","volume":"310","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01904-6","article-title":"The extreme male brain theory of autism.","volume":"6","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Absence of \u2018sensorimotor contagion\u2019 during pain observation in Asperger Syndrome","author":"I Minio-Paluello"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1884","article-title":"Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition.","volume":"7","author":"DM Amodio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260138672","article-title":"Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study.","volume":"14","author":"WM Kelley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh025","article-title":"Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self.","volume":"14","author":"CN Macrae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069","article-title":"The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge.","volume":"28","author":"KN Ochsner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl034","article-title":"Overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions for theory of mind and self reflection in individual subjects.","volume":"1","author":"R Saxe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.6.932","article-title":"Functional specialization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10): a meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"SJ Gilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl032","article-title":"Neural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: the role of prosody and context.","volume":"129","author":"AT Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x","article-title":"Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study.","volume":"11","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199612200-00040","article-title":"\u2018Theory of mind\u2019 in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome.","volume":"8","author":"F Happe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf189","article-title":"Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes.","volume":"125","author":"F Castelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929055002418","article-title":"The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex.","volume":"17","author":"JP Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.040","article-title":"Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others.","volume":"50","author":"JP Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Consciousness regained.","author":"N Humphrey","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"75","article-title":"Simulation, theory, and content.","author":"J Heal","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.3.340","article-title":"Inside the mind reader&apos;s tool kit: projection and stereotyping in mental state inference.","volume":"87","author":"DR Ames","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","author":"AP Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"International Classification of Diseases.","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","article-title":"The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians.","volume":"31","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence.","author":"D Weschler","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.3.268","article-title":"Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory.","volume":"11","author":"FIM Craik","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.8.1323","article-title":"\u201cI know what you are but what am I?!\u201d: Neural bases of self- and social knowledge retrieval in children and adults.","volume":"19","author":"JH Pfeifer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025907","article-title":"Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words.","volume":"9","author":"NH Anderson","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596","article-title":"Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.","volume":"63","author":"A Aron","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","article-title":"The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences.","volume":"34","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy.","author":"MH Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"JSAS Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology 10"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024956003661","article-title":"The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences.","volume":"21","author":"RW Doherty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001624","article-title":"Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient.","volume":"34","author":"EJ Lawrence","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715","article-title":"The \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism.","volume":"42","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076760","article-title":"Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.","volume":"43","author":"A Fenigstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)90005-1","article-title":"The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale\u2013I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure.","volume":"38","author":"RM Bagby","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.1973.10119902","article-title":"The self-focus sentence completion: A study of egocentricity.","volume":"37","author":"JE Exner","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): A computerized text analysis program.","author":"JW Pennebaker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(75)90017-7","article-title":"Use of first person pronouns as a function of increased objective self-awareness and prior feedback.","volume":"11","author":"D Davis","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.6.967","article-title":"Self-focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect.","volume":"55","author":"RE Ingram","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000030","article-title":"Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students.","volume":"18","author":"SS Rude","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.","author":"LS Aiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.2.241","article-title":"Close relationships as including other in the self.","volume":"60","author":"A Aron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.06.013","article-title":"The validity of using self-reports to assess emotion regulation abilities in adults with autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"20","author":"S Berthoz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600674103","article-title":"Failing to deactivate: resting functional abnormalities in autism.","volume":"103","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.186","article-title":"Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind: an fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia.","volume":"32","author":"Y Moriguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T01:03:35Z","timestamp":1556845415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000883"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Zak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,12]]}}}