{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:50:51Z","timestamp":1793235051105,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]],"date-time":"2008-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]],"date-time":"2008-02-20T02:53:23Z","timestamp":1203476003000},"page":"e1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Methylene Blue Combined with Artesunate or Amodiaquine for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria: A Randomized Controlled Trial from Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00354380","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Augustin","family":"Zoungrana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boubacar","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Si\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Walter-Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank P.","family":"Mockenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bocar","family":"Kouyat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Heiner","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Klose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Mansmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66420-3","article-title":"Malaria.","volume":"365","author":"BM Greenwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.12","article-title":"The public health impact of chloroquine resistance in Africa.","volume":"64","author":"JF Trape","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02249-3","article-title":"Combating malaria in Africa.","volume":"18","author":"JF Trape","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07367-X","article-title":"Averting a malaria disaster.","volume":"353","author":"NJ White","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01707-5","article-title":"Modelling a predictable disaster: the rise and spread of drug-resistant malaria.","volume":"16","author":"IM Hastings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Combination therapy for malaria in Africa: hype or hope?","volume":"78","author":"PB Bloland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262090-00003","article-title":"Combination therapy for malaria \u2013 the way forward?","volume":"62","author":"F Nosten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16680-4","article-title":"Antimalaria combinations.","volume":"364","author":"PG Kremsner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020105","article-title":"The benefits of artemisinin combination therapy for malaria extend beyond the individual patient.","volume":"2(4)","author":"P Garner","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Artesunate combinations for treating uncomplicated malaria: a prospective individual patient data meta-analysis.","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01182.x","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine, amodiaquine, suphadoxine-pyrimethamine and combination therapy with artesunate in Mosambican children with non-complicated malaria.","volume":"9","author":"F Abacassamo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66416-1","article-title":"Supervised versus unsupervised intake of six-dose atremether-lumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria in Mbarara, Uganda: a randomised trial.","volume":"365","author":"P Piola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66417-3","article-title":"Amodiaquine alone, amodiaquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine + artesunate, and artemether lumefantrine for outpatient treatment of malaria in Tanzanian children: a four-arm randomised effectiveness trial.","volume":"365","author":"TK Mutabingwa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020092","article-title":"Reduction of malaria transmission to <italic>Anopheles<\/italic> mosquitoes with a six-dose regimen of co-artemether.","volume":"2","author":"CJ Sutherland","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60160-3","article-title":"Two fixed dose artemisinin combinations for drug-resistant falciparum and vivax malaria in Papua, Indonesia: an open-label randomised comparison.","volume":"369","author":"A Ratcliff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60236-0","article-title":"Artemether-lumefantrine versus amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso: a randomised non-inferiority trial.","volume":"369","author":"I Zongo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030373","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness study of three antimalarial drug combinations in Tanzania.","volume":"3","author":"V Wiseman","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040127","article-title":"The great failure of malaria control in Africa: a district perspective from Burkina Faso.","volume":"4","author":"B Kouyat\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67768-9","article-title":"Are we loosing artemisinin combination therapy already?","volume":"366","author":"PE Duffy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66394-5","article-title":"Effectiveness trials in African children with malaria?","volume":"365","author":"PG Kremsner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67787-2","article-title":"Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6.","volume":"366","author":"R Jambou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"69","article-title":"Artemisinin resistance in Cambodia","volume":"12","author":"H Noedl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05557-X","article-title":"Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine\/pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial.","volume":"358","author":"SG Staedke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.17","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and their combination in the treatment of uncomplicated <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria.","volume":"67","author":"D Schellenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1086\/381785","article-title":"Fosmidomycin-clindamycin for <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> infections in African children.","volume":"189","author":"S Borrmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"JID"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020190","article-title":"Artemisinin versus nonartemisinin combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria: randomized clinical trials from four sites in Uganda.","volume":"2","author":"A Yeka","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"953","article-title":"\u00dcber die Wirkung des Methylenblau bei Malaria.","volume":"39","author":"P Guttmann","year":"1891","journal-title":"Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"272","article-title":"Methylene blue in the treatment of malaria \u2013 past and presence, Redox Report","volume":"8","author":"RH Schirmer","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Interactions of methylene blue with human disulfide reductases and their orthologues from Plasmodium falciparum.","author":"K Buchholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicr Agents Chemother (in press)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01356.x","article-title":"Safety of the combination of chloroquine and methylene blue in healthy adult men with G6PD deficiency from rural Burkina Faso.","volume":"10","author":"G Mandi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-4-45","article-title":"Safety of the methylene blue plus chloroquine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young children of Burkina Faso.","volume":"4","author":"P Meissner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-84","article-title":"Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine.","volume":"5","author":"P Meissner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.19","article-title":"The addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria in Gambian children delays, but does not prevent treatment failure.","volume":"69","author":"CJ Sutherland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-13.x","article-title":"A randomized trial of chloroquine, amodiaquine, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in Gambian children with uncomplicated malaria.","volume":"1","author":"O M\u00fcller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health,"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06217-4","article-title":"Sytematic review of amodiaquine treatment in uncomplicated malaria.","volume":"348","author":"P Olliario","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01224.x","article-title":"A randomized trial of amodiaquine and artesunate alone and in combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children from Burkina Faso.","volume":"9","author":"H Barennes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.826","article-title":"Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso.","volume":"73","author":"I Zongo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4592-4597.2005","article-title":"In vitro assessment of methylene blue on chloroquine-sensitive and \u2013resistant <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> strains reveals synergistic action with artemisinins.","volume":"49","author":"M Akoach\u00e8re","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7302.1567","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on malaria morbidity among Westafrican children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"322","author":"O M\u00fcller","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01030.x","article-title":"Malaria morbidity, treatment seeking behaviour, and mortality in a cohort of young children in rural Burkina Faso.","volume":"8","author":"O M\u00fcller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.","year":"2003","journal-title":"WHO\/HTM\/RBM\/2003.50"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90120-7","article-title":"Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand.","volume":"93","author":"G Snounou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/63.3.655","article-title":"On closed testing procedures with special reference to ordered analysis of variance.","volume":"63","author":"R Marcus","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Summary of product characteristics, Urolene Blue\u00ae, Star Pharmaceuticals, USA.","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.901-904.2003","article-title":"Short-course artesunate treatment of uncomplicated <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria in Gabon.","volume":"47","author":"S Borrmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimirob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01427.x","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone or combined with artesunate or amodiaquine in uncomplicated malaria.","volume":"10","author":"FP Mockenhaupt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0001630","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T08:45:55Z","timestamp":1589013955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0001630"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aric","family":"Gregson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0001630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]]}}}