{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:54:16Z","timestamp":1791255256344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]],"date-time":"2008-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T21:56:25Z","timestamp":1216158985000},"page":"e2691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":436,"title":["Influenza Virus in Human Exhaled Breath: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Fabian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"McDevitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley H.","family":"DeHaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita O. P.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Cowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok Hung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel M.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald K.","family":"Milton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Preparing For An Influenza Pandemic: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers.","author":"LR Goldfrank","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan. US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060426","article-title":"Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus.","volume":"12","author":"R Tellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70029-4","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A in human beings.","volume":"7","author":"G Brankston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048051","article-title":"Airborne transmission of communicable infection-the elusive pathway.","volume":"350","author":"CJ Roy","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668791385868","article-title":"Particle concentration in exhaled breath.","volume":"48","author":"CI Fairchild","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1997.10.105","article-title":"The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects.","volume":"10","author":"RS Papineni","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408159101","article-title":"Inhaling to mitigate exhaled bioaerosols.","volume":"101","author":"DA Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.709","article-title":"Infectivity and antigenicity of live avian-human influenza A reassortant virus: comparison of intranasal and aerosol routes in squirrel monkeys.","volume":"154","author":"MH Snyder","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/1.suppl_4.35","article-title":"Free contact infection in ferret groups.","volume":"1","author":"S Squires","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"91","article-title":"Spread of infection from the respiratory tract of the ferret. I. Transmission of influenza A virus.","volume":"22","author":"CH Andrewes","year":"1941","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"98","article-title":"Spread of infection from the respiratory tract of the ferret. II.","volume":"22","author":"RE Glover","year":"1941","journal-title":"Association of influenza A virus and Streptococcus group C. British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400035828","article-title":"Studies of air-borne virus infections. I. Experimental technique and preliminary observations on influenza and infectious ectromelia.","volume":"43","author":"D Edward","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"222","article-title":"Air-borne influenza virus A infections in immunized animals.","volume":"66","author":"CG Loosli","year":"1953","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1970.10667248","article-title":"Airborne influenza PR8-A virus infections in actively immunized mice.","volume":"21","author":"CG Loosli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.125.3.479","article-title":"Experimental transmission of influenza virus infection in mice. IV. Relationship of transmissibility of different strains of virus and recovery of airborne virus in the environment of infector mice.","volume":"125","author":"JL Schulman","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.58.11.2092","article-title":"The use of an animal model to study transmission of influenza virus infection.","volume":"58","author":"JL Schulman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/1951129a0","article-title":"Airborne transmission of influenza virus infection in mice.","volume":"195","author":"JL Schulman","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(76)90100-6","article-title":"Potentiating effects of manganese dioxide on experimental respiratory infections.","volume":"11","author":"RZ Maigetter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"29","article-title":"Inhalatory infection of mice with influenza A0\/PR8 virus. I. The site of primary virus replication and its spread in the respiratory tract.","volume":"19","author":"V Frankova","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604157103","article-title":"The guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses.","volume":"103","author":"AC Lowen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030151","article-title":"Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature.","volume":"3","author":"AC Lowen","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1086\/523000","article-title":"A new method for sampling and detection of exhaled respiratory virus aerosols.","volume":"46","author":"KN Huynh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.30.3.517-529.1966","article-title":"Effect of route of inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission.","volume":"30","author":"RB Couch","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121115","article-title":"Airborne transmission of respiratory infection with coxsackievirus A type 21.","volume":"91","author":"RB Couch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.30.3.576-588.1966","article-title":"Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols.","volume":"30","author":"PJ Gerone","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1101OC","article-title":"Cough-generated aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a new method to study infectiousness.","volume":"169","author":"KP Fennelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"615","article-title":"The recovery of smallpox virus from patients and their environment in a smallpox hospital.","volume":"33","author":"AW Downie","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"385","article-title":"The numbers and the sites of origin of the droplets expelled during expiratory activities.","volume":"52","author":"J Duguid","year":"1945","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x","article-title":"Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration.","volume":"13","author":"SN Rudnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112781","article-title":"An outbreak of influenza aboard a commercial airliner.","volume":"110","author":"MR Moser","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560","article-title":"Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school.","volume":"107","author":"E Riley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Airborne contagion and air hygiene: an ecological study of droplet infections.","author":"WF Wells","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31255","article-title":"Human influenza resulting from aerosol inhalation.","volume":"122","author":"RH Alford","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-62-6-1307","article-title":"New Research on Influenza: Studies with Normal Volunteers. Combined Clinical Staff Conference at the National Institutes of Health.","volume":"62","author":"V Knight","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1552-1558.2000","article-title":"Application of a fluorogenic PCR assay for typing and subtyping of influenza viruses in respiratory samples.","volume":"38","author":"B Schweiger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.04.008","article-title":"Biophysical characterization of influenza virus subpopulations using field flow fractionation and multiangle light scattering: correlation of particle counts, size distribution and infectivity.","volume":"144","author":"Z Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.196-200.2001","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of influenza viruses A and B using real-time quantitative PCR.","volume":"39","author":"LJ van Elden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"395","article-title":"Influenza in Man. Influenza virus and influenza: Kilbourne","author":"R Douglas","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"196","article-title":"The human lung as aerosol particle generator.","volume":"1","author":"J Gebhart","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002101","article-title":"Preliminary findings of a randomized trial of non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent influenza transmission in households.","volume":"3","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02501-06","article-title":"High-throughput, sensitive, and accurate multiplex PCR-microsphere flow cytometry system for large-scale comprehensive detection of respiratory viruses.","volume":"45","author":"WM Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T01:24:16Z","timestamp":1588814656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ron A. M.","family":"Fouchier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]}}}