{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:39:47Z","timestamp":1792507187768,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]],"date-time":"2008-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1218585600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1218575492000},"page":"e2964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Anthrax Toxins Inhibit Neutrophil Signaling Pathways in Brain Endothelium and Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Nina M.","family":"van Sorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia M.","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shauna M.","family":"McGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darin","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Sabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald G.","family":"Guiney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"Doran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax.","volume":"55","author":"M Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107","article-title":"Anthrax.","volume":"341","author":"TC Dixon","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02422-8","article-title":"The alveolar macrophage: the Trojan horse of <italic>Bacillus anthracis.<\/italic>","volume":"10","author":"C Guidi-Rontani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7994","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7994","article-title":"Lung dendritic cells rapidly mediate anthrax spore entry through the pulmonary route.","volume":"178","author":"A Cleret","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.327","article-title":"Anthrax meningoencephalitis.","volume":"59","author":"DJ Lanska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2291","article-title":"Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979.","volume":"90","author":"FA Abramova","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"691","article-title":"Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey.","volume":"73","author":"DL Fritz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734","article-title":"Proteolytic inactivation of MAP-kinase-kinase by anthrax lethal factor.","volume":"280","author":"NS Duesbery","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162","article-title":"Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.","volume":"79","author":"SH Leppla","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(91)90237-Z","article-title":"Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future.","volume":"9","author":"PC Turnbull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(88)90048-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis and genetic control of resistance to the Sterne strain of <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic>.","volume":"4","author":"SL Welkos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317335","article-title":"Group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin\/cytolysin activates neutrophil signaling pathways in brain endothelium and contributes to development of meningitis.","volume":"112","author":"KS Doran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-997-0042-1","article-title":"Bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells transfected with SV40-large T antigen: development of an immortalized cell line to study pathophysiology of CNS disease.","volume":"33","author":"MF Stins","year":"1997","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23829","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier invasion by group B <italic>Streptococcus<\/italic> depends upon proper cell-surface anchoring of lipoteichoic acid.","volume":"115","author":"KS Doran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5217-5222.2001","article-title":"<italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> translocation at the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"69","author":"KS Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.12.5074-5081.1997","article-title":"Invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells by group B <italic>streptococci<\/italic>.","volume":"65","author":"V Nizet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"2614","article-title":"Epithelial properties of brain capillary endothelium.","volume":"44","author":"AL Betz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"54","article-title":"An overview of the multiple functions of the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"120","author":"AL Betz","year":"1992","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.5.15.3101","article-title":"Systematic proteome and transcriptome analysis of stem cell populations.","volume":"5","author":"RD Unwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12506462","article-title":"Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker.","volume":"78","author":"PP Bradley","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.10.3472-3477.1991","article-title":"Contribution of individual toxin components to virulence of <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic>.","volume":"59","author":"C Pezard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Pathology of anthrax infection in animal hosts.","volume":"26","author":"CA Gleiser","year":"1967","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604","article-title":"Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States.","volume":"7","author":"JA Jernigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00358.x","article-title":"Systemic cytokine response in murine anthrax.","volume":"6","author":"SG Popov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00869.x","article-title":"<italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic> internalization by human fibroblasts and epithelial cells.","volume":"9","author":"BH Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06169.x","article-title":"BslA, a pXO1-encoded adhesin of <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic>.","volume":"68","author":"JW Kern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01508-06","article-title":"Gene expression pattern in human brain endothelial cells in response to <italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/italic>.","volume":"75","author":"A Schubert-Unkmeir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00422.x","article-title":"Interaction of <italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/italic> with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: role of MAP- and tyrosine kinases in invasion and inflammatory cytokine release.","volume":"6","author":"O Sokolova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010023","article-title":"Human neutrophils kill <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic>.","volume":"1","author":"A Mayer-Scholl","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01712-06","article-title":"Murine innate immune response to virulent toxigenic and nontoxigenic <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic> strains.","volume":"75","author":"M Drysdale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00606.x","article-title":"Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling by <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic> lethal toxin causes destabilization of interleukin-8 mRNA.","volume":"8","author":"S Batty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00719-06","article-title":"Toxin-deficient mutants of <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic> are lethal in a murine model for pulmonary anthrax.","volume":"74","author":"S Heninger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1086\/432516","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin paralyzes neutrophil actin-based motility.","volume":"192","author":"RL During","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601687","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin paralyzes actin-based motility by blocking Hsp27 phosphorylation.","volume":"26","author":"RL During","year":"2007","journal-title":"Embo J"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"982","article-title":"The pathology of experimental anthrax in rabbits exposed by inhalation and subcutaneous inoculation.","volume":"122","author":"GM Zaucha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1949-1953.2006","article-title":"Routine markerless gene replacement in <italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/italic>.","volume":"74","author":"BK Janes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Binding characteristics of S fimbriated <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> to isolated brain microvascular endothelial cells.","volume":"145","author":"MF Stins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.12.1633","article-title":"Statistical analysis of high-density oligonucleotide arrays: a multiplicative noise model.","volume":"18","author":"R Sasik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.10051","article-title":"Flow rate calibration I: a novel approach for performing absolute cell counts.","volume":"55","author":"I Storie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T17:33:41Z","timestamp":1589045621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002964"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Debbie","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002964","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]]}}}