{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:59:28Z","timestamp":1792061968532,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]],"date-time":"2009-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1248912000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,29]],"date-time":"2009-07-29T21:06:17Z","timestamp":1248901577000},"page":"e6439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Possible Brucellosis in an Early Hominin Skeleton from Sterkfontein, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ruggero","family":"D'Anastasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Zipfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Moggi-Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roscoe","family":"Stanyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Aspects of pathology and death among early hominids.","volume":"44","author":"PV Tobias","year":"1974","journal-title":"The Leech"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330570108","article-title":"Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals.","volume":"57","author":"E Trinkaus","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600113","article-title":"Vertebral pathology in the Afar australopithecines.","volume":"60","author":"DC Cook","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330340608","article-title":"An evolutionary framework for assessing illness and injury in nonhuman primates.","volume":"34","author":"NC Lovell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1390020408","article-title":"Evidence of a healed compression fracture in a Plio-Pleistocene hominid talus from Sterkfontein, South Africa.","volume":"2","author":"GR Fisk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarch"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Pathology of the Kanam Mandible.","volume":"6","author":"PV Tobias","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Paleopathology"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"215","article-title":"The third partial skeleton of a late Pliocene hominin (Stw 431) from Sterkfontein, South Africa.","volume":"99","author":"M Toussaint","year":"2003","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"195","article-title":"Early hominids in southern Africa: updated observations on chronological and ecological background.","author":"ES Vrba","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"317","article-title":"Chronology of South African australopiths site units.","author":"E Delson","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330960303","article-title":"Faunal assemblage serration of Southern African Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil deposits.","volume":"106","author":"JK McKee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0392","article-title":"Stratigraphy, artifact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, Member 5.","volume":"38","author":"K Kuman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10156","article-title":"Brief communication: Revised age estimates of <italic>Australopithecus<\/italic>-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein, South Africa.","volume":"119","author":"LR Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"146","article-title":"The first documented occurrence of spondylosis deformans in an early hominin.","volume":"34","author":"D Staps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable.","author":"SP Ungar","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Vertebral epiphysitis: early signs of brucellar disease.","volume":"6","author":"F Etxeberria","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Paleopathology"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"La Brucelosis Humana.","author":"A Pedro-Pons","year":"1944"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"38","article-title":"Clinica de la brucelosis humana.","volume":"0","author":"I Alberola","year":"1986","journal-title":"Revista Sanitaria del Servicio Vasco de Salud"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"I fuggiaschi di Ercolano.","author":"L Capasso","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains.","author":"JD Ortner","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101727","article-title":"Die F\u00e4lle von Spondylitis in der Aargauischen Heilst\u00e4tte Baemelweid aus den Jahren 1912-1930.","volume":"79","author":"M Reinhart","year":"1932","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Klinik der Tuberkulose"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Tuberculosis of Bone and Joint.","author":"G Girdlestone","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"105","article-title":"Bone and joint imaging.","author":"MM Madkour","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.903","article-title":"Lysis at the anterior vertebral body margin: evidence for brucellar spondylitis?","volume":"17","author":"S Mays","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarch"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.127.5.854","article-title":"The limbus vertebra: an anterior disc herniation demonstrated by discography.","volume":"127","author":"B Ghelman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02014980","article-title":"Intervertebral disc herniations (limbus vertebrae) in pediatric patients: report of 15 cases.","volume":"23","author":"V Henales","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.dmfr.4600698","article-title":"Radiographic diagnosis of Limbus vertebra on a lateral cephalometric film: report of a case.","volume":"31","author":"M Mupparapu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Infections in bones and joints.","author":"C Norden","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"The Nature of Brucellosis.","author":"W Spink","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Metabolic, Degenerative, and Inflammatory Disease of Bones and Joints.","author":"H Jaffe","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Brucella species.","author":"DJ Mikolich","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800630408","article-title":"Brucellosis of the spine.","volume":"63","author":"M Glasgow","year":"1976","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80153-0","article-title":"Bacterial infections: Osteoarticular brucellosis.","volume":"9","author":"C Rajapakse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bailliere's Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195840060-00014","article-title":"Brucellosis myelopathy.","volume":"40A","author":"W Ganado","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.03030040001001","article-title":"Brucellosis of the bones and joints: Experience with 36 patients.","volume":"174","author":"P Kelly","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"723","article-title":"Brucellotic osteomyelitis of the spinal column in man.","volume":"24","author":"L Lowbeer","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brucellotic osteomyelitis of man and animal.","volume":"6","author":"L Lowbeer","year":"1949","journal-title":"Proceeding of Staff Meeting of Hillcrest Memorial Hospital"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.3.531","article-title":"Osteoarticular complications of brucellosis: a study of 169 cases.","volume":"9","author":"AR Mousa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198802000-00008","article-title":"Brucellosis: appearance on skeletal imaging.","volume":"13","author":"RH Bahar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.5.1101","article-title":"Osteoarticular brucellosis: results of bone scintigraphy in 140 patients.","volume":"150","author":"MM Madkour","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B1.1991738","article-title":"Brucellar and tuberculous spondylitis. A comparative study of their clinical features.","volume":"73","author":"M Cordero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.2.1924782","article-title":"Skeletal brucellosis: assessment with bone scintigraphy.","volume":"81","author":"M el-Desouki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(01)00319-0","article-title":"Paravertebral abscess formation due to brucellosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"68","author":"S Ozgocmen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.57187\/smw.2002.09900","article-title":"Musculoskeletal involvement of brucellosis in different age groups: a study of 195 cases.","volume":"132","author":"MF Geyik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199909\/10)9:5<277::AID-OA489>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Brucellosis at Herculaneum.","volume":"9","author":"L Capasso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarch"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.907","article-title":"The EB IA tombs and burials of Bab edh-Dhra, Jordan: A bioarchaeological perspective on the people.","volume":"17","author":"DJ Ortner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarch"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"122","article-title":"Brucellosis in early Bronze Age Jordan and Bahrain: an analysis of possible cases of Brucella spondylitis.","volume":"114","author":"JS Rashidi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.843","article-title":"Two possible cases of brucellosis from a Clarist monastery in Alc\u00e1cer do Sal, southern Portugal.","volume":"16","author":"F Curate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarch"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2008.00314.x","article-title":"A novel Brucella isolate in association with two cases of stillbirth in non-human primates - first report.","volume":"38(1)","author":"NE Schlabritz-Loutsevitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of medical primatology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1333","article-title":"Brucellosis in wildlife.","volume":"21","author":"J Godfroid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev sci tech Off int Epiz"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"The Emergence of Man.","author":"JE Pfeiffer","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330700115","article-title":"Insect and meat eating among infant and adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania.","volume":"70","author":"RJ Rhine","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330940206","article-title":"Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 1982-1991.","volume":"94","author":"CB Stanford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156853994X00181","article-title":"Hunting decisions in wild chimpanzees.","volume":"131","author":"CB Stanford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(89)90035-3","article-title":"Early hominid hunting and scavenging: the role of meat as an energy source.","volume":"18","author":"JD Speth","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5400.368","article-title":"Isotopic Evidence for the Diet of an Early Hominid, Australopithecus africanus.","volume":"283","author":"M Sponheimer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133827","article-title":"Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in the Early Hominin Paranthropus robustus.","volume":"314","author":"M Sponheimer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Evolution of the Human Diet The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable.","author":"PS Ungar","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131390.001.0001","article-title":"Meat-Eating and Human Evolution.","author":"CB Stanford","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1086\/300092","article-title":"Meat Eating and Hominid Evolution.","volume":"40","author":"CB Stanford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<11::AID-EVAN6>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution.","volume":"8","author":"K Milton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1086\/204494","article-title":"Meat Eating, Hominid Sociality, and Home Bases Revisited.","volume":"37","author":"L Rose","year":"1996","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.001","article-title":"New evidence for hominin carcass processing strategies at 1.5 Ma, Koobi Fora, Kenya.","volume":"55","author":"BL Pobiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01670","article-title":"Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia.","volume":"423","author":"JD Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1045","article-title":"Early Pleistocene hominid foraging strategies along the ancestral Omo River at Koobi Fora, Kenya.","volume":"27","author":"HT Bunn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80005-7","article-title":"Studies of hominid\u2014Faunal interactions at Olduvai George.","volume":"15","author":"P Shipman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0006439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T15:18:41Z","timestamp":1710515921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0006439"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Virginia J.","family":"Vitzthum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0006439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]]}}}