{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:05:30Z","timestamp":1793142330812,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]],"date-time":"2009-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257897600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,10]],"date-time":"2009-11-10T16:55:12Z","timestamp":1257872112000},"page":"e7782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Severe Sepsis in Two Ugandan Hospitals: a Prospective Observational Study of Management and Outcomes in a Predominantly HIV-1 Infected Population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Shevin T.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Banura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Relana","family":"Pinkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Meya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pius","family":"Opendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Kenya-Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Mayanja-Kizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Michael","family":"Scheld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Promoting Resource-limited Interventions for Sepsis Management in Uganda (PRISM-U) Study Group\u00b6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1860","article-title":"Reducing mortality in sepsis: new directions.","volume":"6","author":"JL Vincent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care.","volume":"29","author":"DC Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000.","volume":"348","author":"GS Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021333","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis.","volume":"348","author":"RS Hotchkiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1086\/516297","article-title":"Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","volume":"26","author":"LK Archibald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010232","article-title":"Clinical microbiology in developing countries.","volume":"7","author":"LK Archibald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1086\/315367","article-title":"A hospital-based prevalence survey of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Malawi: implications for diagnosis and therapy.","volume":"181","author":"LK Archibald","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1086\/321820","article-title":"Trends in bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults admitted to a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, during the last decade.","volume":"33","author":"G Arthur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01288.x","article-title":"A prospective study of bloodstream infections as cause of fever in Malawi: clinical predictors and implications for management.","volume":"9","author":"RP Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92096-Z","article-title":"Life-threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.","volume":"336","author":"CF Gilks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"43","article-title":"Natural history and spectrum of disease in adults with HIV\/AIDS in Africa.","volume":"11","author":"AD Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0779","article-title":"Bacteraemia and mortality among adult medical admissions in Malawi\u2013predominance of non-typhi salmonellae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.","volume":"42","author":"MA Gordon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.","volume":"345","author":"E Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008.","volume":"36","author":"RP Dellinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70135-5","article-title":"Surviving sepsis in low-income and middle-income countries: new directions for care and research.","volume":"9","author":"JU Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1086\/499363","article-title":"Laboratory medicine in Africa: a barrier to effective health care.","volume":"42","author":"CA Petti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000208360.70835.87","article-title":"A review and analysis of intensive care medicine in the least developed countries.","volume":"34","author":"MW Dunser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Framework and Rationale for Studying Sepsis in High HIV Seroprevalence Resource Poor Settings: the Livingstone General Hospital Experience.","author":"C Theodosis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-43","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"7","author":"B Blomberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050175","article-title":"Strategies to reduce mortality from bacterial sepsis in adults in developing countries.","volume":"5","author":"AC Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050632","article-title":"Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity.","volume":"173","author":"EP Rivers","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9035-9","article-title":"HIV counseling and testing practices at an urban hospital in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"10","author":"R Wanyenze","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","article-title":"Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine.","volume":"101","author":"RC Bone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840501)53:9<2002::AID-CNCR2820530933>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"The Karnofsky Performance Status Scale. An examination of its reliability and validity in a research setting.","volume":"53","author":"V Mor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196126709","article-title":"Meaningful clinical classification of therapeutic responses to anticancer drugs.","volume":"2","author":"DA Karnofsky","year":"1961","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318032bbcd","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in a cohort of HIV-1-infected adults in rural Africa.","volume":"44","author":"C Erikstrup","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.723","article-title":"Treatment of severe sepsis with artemether-lumefantrine is associated with decreased mortality in Ugandan patients without malaria.","volume":"80","author":"CC Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1086\/524665","article-title":"Point-of-care lactate testing predicts mortality of severe sepsis in a predominantly HIV type 1-infected patient population in Uganda.","volume":"46","author":"CC Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-785OC","article-title":"Influence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis on outcome of critically ill infected patients.","volume":"168","author":"C Alberti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0703500604","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in septic shock patients\u2013a prospective observational study of incidence, risk factors and correlation with clinical outcome.","volume":"35","author":"B Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819285f0","article-title":"A prospective, observational registry of patients with severe sepsis: the Canadian Sepsis Treatment and Response Registry.","volume":"37","author":"CM Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470090076035","article-title":"Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock.","volume":"266","author":"JA Carcillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00003796","article-title":"Antibiotics in sepsis.","volume":"27","author":"PY Bochud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1998.00379.x","article-title":"The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with bloodstream infection.","volume":"244","author":"L Leibovici","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9","article-title":"Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.","volume":"34","author":"A Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Clinical Management of HIV and AIDS at District Level.","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"(2004) Integrated Management of Adult and Adolescent Illness: Interim Guidelines for First-Level Facility Health Workers at Health Centre and District Outpatient Clinic."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1086\/529146","article-title":"Epidemics of invasive Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and S. enterica Serovar typhimurium infection associated with multidrug resistance among adults and children in Malawi.","volume":"46","author":"MA Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199812150-00007","article-title":"A prospective study of community-acquired bloodstream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"19","author":"FN Ssali","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12325-5","article-title":"Unrecognised Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteraemia among hospital inpatients in less developed countries.","volume":"354","author":"LC McDonald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810625","article-title":"Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients.","volume":"360","author":"S Finfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"S12","article-title":"A comparison of prescribing practices between public and private sector physicians in Uganda.","author":"JW Ogwal-Okeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K068","article-title":"Self-medication practices with antibiotics and antimalarials among Sudanese undergraduate university students.","volume":"41","author":"AI Awad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"87","article-title":"Community pharmaceutical care: an 8-month critical review of two pharmacies in Kampala.","volume":"3","author":"N Anyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Status of the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2008.","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0007782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T15:26:06Z","timestamp":1558625166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0007782"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rory Edward","family":"Morty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0007782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]]}}}