{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:10:34Z","timestamp":1762621834578},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276473600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T20:47:40Z","timestamp":1276548460000},"page":"e11099","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Thioamides Methimazole and Thiourea Inhibit Growth of M. avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Culture"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Greenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheldon T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042972","article-title":"Antithyroid drugs.","volume":"352","author":"DS Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02295","article-title":"Remission of Graves&apos; disease during anti-thyroid drug therapy. Time to reconsider the mechanism?","volume":"155","author":"P Laurberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"291","article-title":"Thyroid involvement in patients with active inflammatory bowel diseases.","volume":"27","author":"GP Bianchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.44.303","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves&apos; disease and hashimoto&apos;s thyroiditis) in two patients with Crohn&apos;s disease: case reports and literature review.","volume":"44","author":"T Inokuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199803000-00006","article-title":"Autoimmune (Hashimoto&apos;s) thyroiditis associated with Crohn&apos;s disease.","volume":"26","author":"SA Shah","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1975.tb04882.x","article-title":"The thyroid in ulcerative colitis and Crohn&apos;s disease. II. Thyroid enlargement and hyperthyroidism in ulcerative colitis.","volume":"197","author":"G Jarnerot","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"438","article-title":"Ein eigenthumlicher fall von tuberculose beim rind (A particular case of tuberculosis in a cow).","volume":"21","author":"HA Johne","year":"1895","journal-title":"Dtsch Zeitschr Tiermed, Vergl Pathol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17058-X","article-title":"Culture of <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> subspecies <italic>paratuberculosis<\/italic> from the blood of patients with Crohn&apos;s disease.","volume":"364","author":"SA Naser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"135","article-title":"Mycobacteria: Leprosy, a Battle Turned; Tuberculosis, a Battle Raging; Paratuberculosis, a Battle Ignored.","author":"R Greenstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903753","article-title":"Genomewide association study of leprosy.","volume":"361","author":"FR Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0910690","article-title":"A common genetic fingerprint in leprosy and Crohn&apos;s disease?","volume":"361","author":"E Schurr","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16781-0","article-title":"Emerging pathogens: is <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> subspecies <italic>paratuberculosis<\/italic> zoonotic?","volume":"364","author":"RJ Greenstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.013474-0","article-title":"Molecular identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in an Italian patient with Hashimoto&apos;s thyroiditis and Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.","volume":"59","author":"M D'Amore","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062100","article-title":"Mechanism of thioamide drug action against tuberculosis and leprosy.","volume":"204","author":"F Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.457","article-title":"A clinical trial of ethionamide and prothionamide for treatment of lepromatous leprosy.","volume":"74","author":"TT Fajardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53123","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311209200","article-title":"Unique mechanism of action of the thiourea drug isoxyl on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"278","author":"B Phetsuksiri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-158-40251","article-title":"Further studies of the action of antithyroid drugs on Mycobacterium leprae.","volume":"158","author":"L Levy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1972.106.6.917","article-title":"Inhibition of the multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae by methimazole.","volume":"106","author":"L Levy","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"651","article-title":"Inhibition of multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae by several antithyroid drugs.","volume":"111","author":"L Levy","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"273","article-title":"<italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/italic> - The bacteriologist&apos;s enigma.","author":"DES Stewart-Tull","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000161","article-title":"On the Action of Methotrexate and 6-Mercaptopurine on M. avium Subspecies paratuberculosis.","volume":"2","author":"RJ Greenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000516","article-title":"On the Action of 5-Amino-Salicylic Acid and Sulfapyridine on M. avium including Subspecies paratuberculosis.","volume":"2","author":"RJ Greenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.12.2843","article-title":"Activity of clarithromycin compared with those of other drugs against <italic>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis<\/italic> and further enhancement of its extracellular and intracellular activities by ethambutol.","volume":"36","author":"N Rastogi","year":"1992","journal-title":"AntimicrobAgents Chemother"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-1-4","article-title":"Monensin causes dose dependent inhibition of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in radiometric culture.","volume":"1","author":"RJ Greenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.10.016","article-title":"On the effect of thalidomide on <italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/italic> subspecies <italic>paratuberculosis<\/italic> in culture.","volume":"13","author":"RJ Greenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002496","article-title":"On the Action of Cyclosporine A, Rapamycin and Tacrolimus on M. avium including Subspecies paratuberculosis.","volume":"3","author":"RJ Greenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(90)90122-C","article-title":"Growth of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in radiometric, Middlebrook and egg-based media.","volume":"22","author":"JJ Damato","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.24.3.357-363.1986","article-title":"Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn&apos;s disease.","volume":"24","author":"RJ Chiodini","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.1.194","article-title":"Confirmation of the beige mouse model for study of disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium complex.","volume":"154","author":"MA Bertram","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2135","article-title":"Comparison of methimazole and propylthiouracil in patients with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves&apos; disease.","volume":"92","author":"H Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(79)90692-0","article-title":"Accumulation of 2-[14C]propylthiouracil in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.","volume":"28","author":"DC Lam","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(71)90021-7","article-title":"Concentration of 35S-propylthiouracil by the thyroid gland and its relationship to anion trapping mechanism.","volume":"20","author":"B Marchant","year":"1971","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-34-5-847","article-title":"The acclumulation of 35 S-antithyroid drugs by the thyroid gland.","volume":"34","author":"B Marchant","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(75)90129-X","article-title":"Enzymatic S-methylation of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil and other antithyroid drugs.","volume":"24","author":"RH Lindsay","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-104-6-1686","article-title":"Oxidative metabolites of [2-14C]propylthiouracil in rat thyroid.","volume":"104","author":"RH Lindsay","year":"1979","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107193450307","article-title":"Management of tuberculosis in the United States.","volume":"345","author":"PM Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy.","volume":"363","author":"WJ Britton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020831","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"347","author":"DK Podolsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"119","article-title":"A classification of leprosy for research purposes.","volume":"33","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T19:08:01Z","timestamp":1591384081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011099"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Leonardo A.","family":"Sechi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]}}}