{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:05:48Z","timestamp":1780351548721,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,8]],"date-time":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291766400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,21]],"date-time":"2010-12-21T21:24:38Z","timestamp":1292966678000},"page":"e14252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Depression and HIV in Botswana: A Population-Based Study on Gender-Specific Socioeconomic and Behavioral Correlates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Reshma","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Dandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Packel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Leiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nthabiseng","family":"Phaladze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona Percy-de","family":"Korte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Iacopino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri D.","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"S118","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of mental disorders and knowledge attitude practice upon mental health among people in Bangkok Metropolis.","volume":"84","author":"N Thavichachart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000285128","article-title":"Epidemiology of depression in Latin America.","volume":"19","author":"R Garcia-Alvarez","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540040037030","article-title":"Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder.","volume":"276","author":"MM Weissman","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702005767","article-title":"Depressive symptoms predict medical care utilization in a population-based sample.","volume":"32","author":"PJ Rowan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61446-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of major depressive disorder in elderly Nigerians in the Ibadan Study of Ageing: a community-based survey.","volume":"370","author":"O Gureje","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001662932","article-title":"The health-related quality of life of people living with HIV\/AIDS.","volume":"26","author":"J Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802f1318","article-title":"Depressive symptoms increase risk of HIV disease progression and mortality among women in Tanzania.","volume":"44","author":"G Antelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17019-0","article-title":"Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.","volume":"364","author":"A Rosengren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.01.009","article-title":"Mental health and sexual risk behaviours in a South African township: a community-based cross-sectional study.","volume":"120","author":"J Smit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.03.010","article-title":"Persistence of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of HIV\/AIDS patients in South Africa: a 6-month follow-up study.","volume":"61","author":"BO Olley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.02.001","article-title":"HIV risk behavior among adults with severe mental illness: a systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"CS Meade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/15433710802633247","article-title":"The impact of HIV diagnosis-related vs. non-diagnosis related trauma on PTSD, depression, medication adherence, and HIV disease markers.","volume":"6","author":"JM Boarts","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Evid Based Soc Work"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600568376","article-title":"Perceived stress in HIV-infected individuals: physiological and psychological correlates.","volume":"18","author":"GA Hand","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.11.1466","article-title":"Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive women: longitudinal analysis from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study.","volume":"285","author":"JR Ickovics","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510210054027","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and CD4 lymphocyte decline among HIV-infected men.","volume":"270","author":"JH Burack","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.654.14577","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors of HIV morbidity and mortality: findings from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).","volume":"25","author":"R Farinpour","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.1999.13.185","article-title":"Predictors of self-reported adherence in persons living with HIV disease.","volume":"13","author":"WL Holzemer","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.5.630","article-title":"Severe life stress as a predictor of early disease progression in HIV infection.","volume":"154","author":"DL Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2581","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.","volume":"291","author":"K Demyttenaere","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"The Masa Antiretroviral Therapy Program in Botswana: Patient Enrollment Update.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS:","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.122044","article-title":"The impact of universal access to antiretroviral therapy on HIV stigma in Botswana.","volume":"98","author":"WR Wolfe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030392","article-title":"A population-based study on alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors in Botswana.","volume":"3","author":"SD Weiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Former manager of Botswana&apos;s antiretroviral treatment programme describes barriers to rapid scale-up and suggest possible solutions at 2nd Annual African AIDS Conference.","author":"T Smart","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-298","article-title":"Mental distress in the general population in Zambia: impact of HIV and social factors.","volume":"9","author":"PJ Chipimo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.6.554","article-title":"Post-partum depression and the mother-infant relationship in a South African peri-urban settlement.","volume":"175","author":"PJ Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(200004)15:4<355::AID-GPS126>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"The pattern of psychiatric disorders among the aged in a selected community in Nigeria.","volume":"15","author":"R Uwakwe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.1.60","article-title":"Common mental disorders in primary care in Harare, Zimbabwe: associations and risk factors.","volume":"171","author":"V Patel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000395070","article-title":"The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). A measure of primary symptom dimensions.","volume":"7","author":"LR Derogatis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0763-3","article-title":"Assessment of depression prevalence in rural Uganda using symptom and function criteria.","volume":"39","author":"P Bolton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","article-title":"The ecology of human development.","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494808086976","article-title":"Depression among women in rural Ethiopia as related to socioeconomic factors: a community-based study on women in reproductive age groups.","volume":"36","author":"N Deyessa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567fc5","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in low-income women in rural Mexico.","volume":"18","author":"NL Fleischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.01.006","article-title":"Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV\/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa.","volume":"64","author":"LC Simbayi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.025","article-title":"Social determinants of psychological distress in a nationally-representative sample of South African adults.","volume":"66","author":"L Myer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.066191","article-title":"Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in South African adults.","volume":"62","author":"R Hamad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1991.11024558","article-title":"Married with children: predictors of mental and physical health in middle-aged women.","volume":"54","author":"EJ Costello","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.9.836","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in youth heads of household in Rwanda: correlates and implications for intervention.","volume":"162","author":"NW Boris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.4.719","article-title":"Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents.","volume":"132","author":"K Alaimo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Applied Logistic Regression.","author":"DW Hosmer","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004163","article-title":"Depression and anxiety among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe.","volume":"27","author":"MA Abas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001420","article-title":"Twelve-month mental disorders in South Africa: prevalence, service use and demographic correlates in the population-based South African Stress and Health Study.","volume":"38","author":"DR Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"21","article-title":"The sexual, marital and fathering behavior of men in sub-Saharan Africa.","author":"A Bankole","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00608-5","article-title":"Depression and obesity.","volume":"54","author":"AJ Stunkard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.8.800","article-title":"Self-rated health: a predictor of mortality among the elderly.","volume":"72","author":"JM Mossey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000341774.86500.53","article-title":"Age-disparate and intergenerational sex in southern Africa: the dynamics of hypervulnerability.","volume":"22","author":"S Leclerc-Madlala","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00006","article-title":"Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia.","volume":"15","author":"JR Glynn","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2004.00014.x","article-title":"Relationships between older men and younger women: implications for STIs\/HIV in Kenya.","volume":"35","author":"K Longfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31899\/pgy2.1027","article-title":"Socioeconomic disadvantage and unsafe sexual behaviors among young women and men in South Africa.","author":"K Hallman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050500250198","article-title":"An exploratory study of constructions of masculinity, sexuality and HIV\/AIDS in Namibia, Southern Africa.","volume":"7","author":"J Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04244.x","article-title":"A conceptual model of HIV\/AIDS stigma from five African countries.","volume":"58","author":"WL Holzemer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1293.2003.00155.x","article-title":"Depressive disorders and unprotected casual anal sex among Australian homosexually active men in primary care.","volume":"4","author":"G Rogers","year":"2003","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Disease and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd Edition ed.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T05:49:28Z","timestamp":1712036968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014252"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Grinsztejn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,8]]}}}