{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:07:51Z","timestamp":1761844071519},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]],"date-time":"2011-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,11]],"date-time":"2011-02-11T00:14:00Z","timestamp":1297383240000},"page":"e16860","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Regulatory and Activated T Cells in Human Schistosoma haematobium Infections"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Norman","family":"Nausch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Midzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rick M.","family":"Maizels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmisted helminthiasis.","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.4.686","article-title":"Intensity of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> infection in a human population is inversely correlated with antibody response to SmW68, a protective parasite antigen.","volume":"160","author":"CH King","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/351757a0","article-title":"Acquired immunity and epidemiology of <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic>.","volume":"351","author":"MEJ Woolhouse","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998000100024","article-title":"Cytokines as determinants of resistance and pathology in human <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> infection.","volume":"31","author":"R Correa-Oliveira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1086\/515630","article-title":"Increased interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production in response to <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> adult worm antigens correlates with lack of reinfection after treatment.","volume":"178","author":"A Medhat","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80086-0","article-title":"Regulation of the immune response in experimental and human schistosomiasis: the limits of an attractive paradigm.","volume":"1","author":"A Capron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01626-1","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis mansoni in mice and men.","volume":"21","author":"AW Cheever","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(02)52014-5","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated host responses during schistosome infections; walking the fine line between immunological control and immunopathology.","volume":"52","author":"KF Hoffmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00311.x","article-title":"Dissociation of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production following treatment for <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection in humans.","volume":"22","author":"JT Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(03)00088-9","article-title":"Contrasting cellular responses in <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infected and exposed individuals from areas of high and low transmission in Zimbabwe.","volume":"88","author":"T Mduluza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00195-5","article-title":"In vitro cellular and humoral responses to <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> vaccine candidate antigens.","volume":"88","author":"M Al-Sherbiny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01788-9","article-title":"Defining a schistosomiasis vaccination strategy - is it really Th1 versus Th2?","volume":"16","author":"TA Wynn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:25","article-title":"Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks.","volume":"26","author":"A Capron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.1224","article-title":"CD25+CD4+ cells contribute to Th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing Th1 response development.","volume":"173","author":"AS McKee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4924","article-title":"Removal of regulatory T cell activity reverses hyporesponsiveness and leads to filarial parasite clearance in vivo.","volume":"174","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183","article-title":"Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms.","volume":"3","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.3248","article-title":"Regulatory networks induced by live parasites impair both Th1 and Th2 pathways in patent lymphatic filariasis: Implications for parasite persistence.","volume":"176","author":"S Babu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.5811","article-title":"Systemic and local characterization of regulatory T cells in a chronic fungal infection in humans.","volume":"177","author":"KA Cavassani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030266","article-title":"Conjunctival FOXP3 expression in trachoma: do regulatory T cells have a role in human ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection?","volume":"3","author":"N Faal","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.739","article-title":"Circulating and liver resident CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells actively influence the antiviral immune response and disease progression in patients with hepatitis B.","volume":"177","author":"D Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200508-1294OC","article-title":"Regulatory T cells are expanded in blood and disease sites in patients with tuberculosis.","volume":"173","author":"V Guyot-Revol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132723","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells in the Control of Host-Microorganism Interactions.","volume":"27","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25429","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in tumor immunity.","volume":"127","author":"H Nishikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03242.x","article-title":"T regulatory cells and their counterparts: masters of immune regulation.","volume":"39","author":"C Ozdemir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4123","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control the severity of viral immunoinflammatory lesions.","volume":"172","author":"S Suvas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6215","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.6215","article-title":"Regulatory T cells dampen pulmonary inflammation and lung injury in an animal model of pneumocystis pneumonia.","volume":"177","author":"L McKinley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.5839","article-title":"Regulatory T cell responses develop in parallel to Th responses and control the magnitude and phenotype of the Th effector population.","volume":"176","author":"JJ Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000423","article-title":"Foxp3+ CD4 regulatory T cells limit pulmonary immunopathology by modulating the CD8 T cell response during respiratory syncytial virus infection.","volume":"185","author":"RB Fulton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6456","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6456","article-title":"Expansion of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in mice infected with the filarial parasite <italic>Brugia malayi<\/italic>.","volume":"181","author":"HJ McSorley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01233-07","article-title":"Functional analysis of effector and regulatory T cells in a parasitic nematode infection.","volume":"76","author":"S Rausch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901435","article-title":"Pronounced phenotype in activated regulatory T cells during a chronic helminth infection.","volume":"184","author":"LE Layland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01127.x","article-title":"Relative imbalance between T regulatory cells and activated T cells in mice with differential morbidity in chronic <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> infections.","volume":"31","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5374","article-title":"Naturally occurring CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are an essential, IL-10-independent part of the immunoregulatory network in <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> egg-induced inflammation.","volume":"176","author":"M Baumgart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737063","article-title":"Immunopathology in schistosomiasis is controlled by antigen-specific regulatory T cells primed in the presence of TLR2.","volume":"37","author":"LE Layland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.3.1245","article-title":"CD4+CD25high regulatory cells in human peripheral blood.","volume":"167","author":"C Baecher-Allan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.676","article-title":"T regulatory cell levels decrease in people infected with <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> on effective treatment.","volume":"77","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.475","article-title":"Short report: Childhood coinfections with <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> and <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> result in lower percentages of activated T cells and T regulatory memory cells than schistosomiasis only.","volume":"80","author":"EM Muok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/ni904","article-title":"Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.","volume":"4","author":"JD Fontenot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079490","article-title":"Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3.","volume":"299","author":"S Hori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh165","article-title":"Crucial role of FOXP3 in the development and function of human CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells.","volume":"16","author":"H Yagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.03.019","article-title":"Functional Delineation and Differentiation Dynamics of Human CD4(+) T Cells Expressing the FoxP3 Transcription Factor.","volume":"30","author":"M Miyara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636435","article-title":"Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells.","volume":"37","author":"J Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-3804","article-title":"FOXP3 Defines Regulatory T Cells in Human Tumor and Autoimmune Disease.","volume":"69","author":"I Kryczek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2006.10.008","article-title":"Human CD4+regulatory T cells express lower levels of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (CD127), allowing consistent identification and sorting of live cells.","volume":"319","author":"DJ Hartigan-O'Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061381","article-title":"Increased frequencies of CD4+ CD25(high) regulatory T cells in acute dengue infection.","volume":"204","author":"K Luhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"A Gateway to Biomedical Research in Africa.","author":"M Mduluza","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-96","article-title":"Immuno-epidemiology of human <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection: preferential IgG3 antibody responsiveness to a recombinant antigen dependent on age and parasite burden.","volume":"6","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-158","article-title":"Effect of treating <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection on <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>-specific antibody responses.","volume":"8","author":"LJ Reilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"1992 National Schistosomiasis Survey.","author":"P Ndhlovu","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.05.024","article-title":"The burden of polyparasitism among primary schoolchildren in rural and farming areas in Zimbabwe.","volume":"102","author":"N Midzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1086\/517456","article-title":"Chemotherapy accelerates the development of acquired immune responses to <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection.","volume":"178","author":"F Mutapi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90421-9","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren on Zanzibar Island (Unguja), Tanzania: a parasitological survey supplemented with questionnaires.","volume":"96","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007752","article-title":"Relative contribution of day-to-day and intra-specimen variation in faecal egg counts of Schistosoma mansoni before and after treatment with praziquantel.","volume":"122","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"101","article-title":"A reusable polyamide filter for diagnosis of <italic>S. haematobium<\/italic> infection by urine filtration.","volume":"76","author":"KE Mott","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Laboratory procedures for the diagnosing of intestinal parasites. 3rd ed.","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1086\/653828","article-title":"Increases in levels of schistosome-specific immunoglobulin E and CD23(+) B cells in a cohort of Kenyan children undergoing repeated treatment and reinfection with <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>.","volume":"202","author":"CL Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000667","article-title":"Functional impairment of human myeloid dendritic cells during <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> infection.","volume":"4","author":"B Everts","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research: Freeman and Company","author":"RR Sokal","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00240-2","article-title":"p-values for pathogens: statistical inference from infectious-disease data.","volume":"2","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Disease"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.04.010","article-title":"Cytokines, chemokine receptors, CD4(+)CD25(HIGH+) T-cells and clinical forms of human schistosomiasis.","volume":"108","author":"A Teixeira-Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939699","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in human geohelminth infection suppress immune responses to BCG and <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>.","volume":"40","author":"LJ Wammes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2005.11.001","article-title":"Accumulation of memory T cells from childhood to old age: central and effector memory cells in CD4(+) versus effector memory and terminally differentiated memory cells in CD8(+) compartment.","volume":"127","author":"P Saule","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100014","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis.","volume":"85","author":"MS Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T02:08:14Z","timestamp":1712196494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016860"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Diemert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]]}}}