{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:17:54Z","timestamp":1784888274274,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T20:54:36Z","timestamp":1308689676000},"page":"e21040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Population-Based Biochemistry, Immunologic and Hematological Reference Values for Adolescents and Young Adults in a Rural Population in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Clement","family":"Zeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauli N.","family":"Amornkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Inzaule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Ondoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Oyaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dufton M.","family":"Mwaengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Vandenhoudt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"DeCock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clyde","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nkengasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Laserson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524033479825","article-title":"HIV vaccines: a global perspective.","volume":"3","author":"J Esparza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.071","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant low-dosage HIV-1 A vaccine candidates vectored by plasmid pTHr DNA or modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in humans in East Africa.","volume":"26","author":"W Jaoko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"AIDS Epidemic Update Geneva, Switzerland, WHO press.","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3327","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003327","article-title":"Reference ranges for the clinical laboratory derived from a rural population in Kericho, Kenya.","volume":"3","author":"RS Kibaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90142-1","article-title":"Low platelet counts in Zambians.","volume":"73","author":"GV Gill","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.1.29-34.2004","article-title":"Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population.","volume":"11","author":"ES Lugada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.2.2.233-235.1995","article-title":"Hematological reference ranges among healthy Ugandans.","volume":"2","author":"SB Tugume","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"5","article-title":"Haemoglobin and haematocrit levels in young adult Ethiopian males in Addis Ababa.","volume":"17","author":"J Abdulkadir","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"482","article-title":"Platelet count values in healthy Nigeria medical students in Jos.","volume":"61","author":"AN Azikiwe","year":"1984","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-1","article-title":"Immunohaematological reference values in human immunodeficiency virus-negative adolescent and adults in rural northern Tanzania.","volume":"9","author":"BJ Ngowi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"pt 6","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329503200603","article-title":"Influence of race,age and sex on the lymphocyte sub-sets in peripheral blood of healthy Malaysian adults.","volume":"32","author":"ML Choong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19960315)26:1<8::AID-CYTO2>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Age- and sex-related changes in lymphocyte subpopulations of healthy Asian subjects: from birth to adulthood.","volume":"26","author":"BW Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2009.01326.x","article-title":"Haematological reference values in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA study.","volume":"83","author":"J Romeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1995.1067","article-title":"Quantitative differences in CD8+ lymphocytes, CD4\/CD8 ratio, NK cells, and HLA-DR(+)-activated T cells of racially different male populations.","volume":"75","author":"S Shahabuddin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-12-199706150-00002","article-title":"Changes in plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts predict both response to antiretroviral therapy and therapeutic failure. VA Cooperative Study Group on AIDS.","volume":"126","author":"WA O'Brien","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2005.07.009","article-title":"HIV and liver diseases: recent clinical advances.","volume":"9","author":"C Cengiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.20.2560","article-title":"HIV viral load response to antiretroviral therapy according to the baseline CD4 cell count and viral load.","volume":"286","author":"AN Phillips","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V9.10.999.999","article-title":"Variation of the hemoglobin level with age and sex.","volume":"9","author":"WW Hawkins","year":"1954","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02047.x","article-title":"Laboratory reference values for healthy adults from southern Tanzania.","volume":"13","author":"E Saathoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.3.410-414.1999","article-title":"Immunohematological reference ranges for adult Ethiopians.","volume":"6","author":"A Tsegaye","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00174-1","article-title":"Lymphocyte subset enumeration in HIV seronegative and HIV-1 seropositive adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: determination of reference values in males and females and comparison of two flow cytometric methods.","volume":"277","author":"WK Urassa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1548","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Laboratory reference values.","volume":"351","author":"A Kratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006470","article-title":"HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals aged 13\u201334 years in Rural Western Kenya.","volume":"4","author":"PN Amornkul","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.318","article-title":"Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment.","volume":"69","author":"T Handzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"490","article-title":"The prevalence of helminth infections in the Kisumu area of Kenya.","volume":"48","author":"GK Kinoti","year":"1971","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.1151","article-title":"Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases.","volume":"73","author":"K Adazu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Kenya (MOH) 2001 National guidelines for Voluntary Counselling and Testing."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478410","article-title":"Better bootstrap confidence intervals.","volume":"82","author":"B Efron","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026889800140X","article-title":"The rate of CD4 decline as a determinant of progression to AIDS independent of the most recent CD4 count. The Italian Seroconversion Study.","volume":"121","author":"LA Cozzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1086\/314890","article-title":"CD4 lymphocyte count as a predictor of the duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced suppression of human immunodeficiency virus load.","volume":"180","author":"V Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602153340703","article-title":"Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS.","volume":"334","author":"WA O'Brien","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"19","article-title":"The haematological profile of urban black Africans aged 15\u201364 years in the Cape Peninsula.","volume":"72","author":"CJ Badenhorst","year":"1995","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"936","article-title":"The aetiology of neutropenia in healthy Africans.","volume":"51","author":"GC Ezeilo","year":"1974","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004401","article-title":"CLSI-derived hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for healthy adults in eastern and southern Africa.","volume":"4","author":"E Karita","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007: Preliminary Report","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"65","article-title":"Morbidity in urinary schistosomiasis in relation to the intensity of infection in Kisumu, Kenya.","volume":"86","author":"SC Masaba","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027508","article-title":"Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection among fishermen along Lake Victoria Shore in the Kisumu District, Kenya.","volume":"84","author":"MO Ng'ayo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932001005697","article-title":"A study of risk factors for intestinal helminth infections using epidemiological and anthropological approaches.","volume":"33","author":"A Olsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb15167.x","article-title":"Androgen actions on erythropoiesis.","volume":"149","author":"AS Gordon","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1978.tb17818.x","article-title":"Relationship between haemoglobin and serum testosterone in normal children and adolescents and in boys with delayed puberty.","volume":"67","author":"S Krabbe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.3.443-445.2003","article-title":"Immunohematological reference ranges for adults from the Central African Republic.","volume":"10","author":"D Menard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.8.664","article-title":"Ethnic and sex differences in the total and differential white cell count and platelet count.","volume":"49","author":"BJ Bain","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)90335-7","article-title":"Genetic neutropenia in people of African origin.","volume":"2","author":"AG Shaper","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003919","article-title":"Reference intervals in healthy adult Ugandan blood donors and their impact on conducting international vaccine trials.","volume":"3","author":"LA Eller","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"How to define and determine reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guideline-second edition","year":"2000","journal-title":"How to define and determine reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guideline-second edition"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"89","article-title":"Closing the Gaps in Paediatric Reference Intervals: The CALIPER Initiative.","volume":"29","author":"K Schnabl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,20]],"date-time":"2020-06-20T13:46:06Z","timestamp":1592660766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021040"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rupert","family":"Kaul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]}}}